Market Analysis Beating The Market - 1524 Words

Beating the market is a difficult phrase to analyze. An investor, portfolio manager, fund or other investment specialist produces a better return than the market average. The market average can be calculated in many ways, but usually a benchmark, such as the SP 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, is a good representation of the market average. If your returns exceed the percentage return of the chosen benchmark, you have beaten the market. Generally speaking, we totally cannot beat the market since investment fees are one major barrier to beating the market. If you take the popular advice to invest in an SP 500 index fund, your investment will perform identically to the SP 500 and investment fees will be subtracted from those returns, preventing you from beating the market. Look for funds with ultra-low fees of 0.1 to 0.2% annually and you ll be close to equaling the market. Taxes are another major barrier to beating the market. 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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT TOPIC- ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF HONEY. PROJECT GUIDE- SUBMITTED BY- DR. AKSHAY GARG MOHIT KUMAR DEPT. We will write a custom essay sample on Svrwvrev or any similar topic only for you Order Now OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REG. NO. – 10800037 ROLL NO- RB1R07B02 B. TECH BIOTECH. (8th sem. ) DATED- . 17-05-2012 CERTIFICATE Certified that this project entitled â€Å"anti microbial activity of different types of honey † submitted by MOHIT KUMAR , students of biotechnology Department, Lovely Professioal University, Phagwara Punjab in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelors of Technology (biotechnology) Degree of LPU, is a record of student’s own study carried under my supervision guidance. This report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any degree. Date: 17/5/2012 Name of Project Guide Dr. Akshay Garg DECLARATION I, MOHIT KUMAR, student of B. Tech Biotechnology under Department of Biotechnology of Lovely Professional Univerersity, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this dissertation / capstone project report is based on my own intensive research and is genuine. This dissertation / report does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this niversity or any other university without proper citation. Date – 17/5/2012 Investigator- MOHIT KUMAR Regd. No. 10800037 Acknowledgement Any attempt at any level can’t be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of learned people in my capstone projectâ€Å"Antimicrobial activity of different types of honey†. I would like to express my immense gratitude to my guide Dr. Akshay Garg for his constant support and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with this project. I also would like to thanks my group member who helped me in my project. MOHIT KUMAR ABSTRACT Honey is a traditional topical treatment for infected wounds. It can be effective on antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Several local brands of honey(Dabur) collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up). The bacterial culture were taken from the laboratory of the Lovely professional University and was revived in nutrient broth media and then sub-cultured in nutrient agar media. The method used to test this antibiotic sensitivity of honey was done with the help of Kirby Bauer method . Marked variations were observed in the antibacterial activity of these honey samples. Bacterial species used were Bacillus subtilis ,E. coli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia spp. The zone of inhibition produced against different bacteria using honey of different concentration are as follows: E. oli (pathankot sample): 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm; E. coli (dabur sample): 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm; E. coli (saharanpur sample): 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm; B. subtilis (pathankot): 100% = 3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm; B. subtilis (dabur): 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm; B. subti lis (saharanpur):100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm; Burkholderia spp. (pathankot): 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm; Burkholderia spp. dabur): 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; Burkholderia spp. (saharanpur):100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm; S. aureus (pathankot):100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; S. aureus (dabur):100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. 8cm; S. aureus (saharanpur): 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm; Zones of inhibition of different treatment groups were measured by agar-well-diffusion assay and compared with control. The comparison of honey sample with distilled water control had proved it significant. CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1. 1) Honey as antibacterial agent 7 1. OBJECTIVE 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 10 3. 1 TYPES OF HONEY 10 3. 2 COMPONENTS OF HONEY 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. MATERIAL 15 4. 2 METHOD 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 5. REFERENCES 32 1. ) INTRODUCTION Honey is a sweet food made by bees using nectar from flowers. The Honey is a sweet, viscous fluid produced by bees from the collection of nectar, primarily from flowers. It is considered to be a natural syrup. The Nectar is gathered by the bees and is slowly transformed into honey, through a long rocess involving the addition of enzymes and the gradual reduction of moisture. Honey is a rich source of carbohydrates mainly Fructose and Glucose. The chemical composition of honey varies depending on the plant source, season and production methods. Therefore the Colour, Concentration and Compounds vary depending on the floral sources. Other compounds which can be found in Honey include Proteins and acids suc h as Gluconic Acid (C6H11O7, also known as 2,3,4,5,6- pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants such as Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) and Vitamins (B6 and B12), (BD. Yates et. al. 1996). Honey has a low pH and a low moisture content, which is usually on average about 17 percent. The Gluconic Acid in honey is produced when bees secrete Glucose Oxidase, while processing the nectar, this give honey a low pH. There are many varieties of honey from around the world which come in three main types which are liquid, whipped and comb. Several local brands of honey(Dabur) collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up) . Each of these honey’s were chosen because they are organic and readily available in health food stores 1. 1) The Antibacterial Effects of Honey The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobial effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005; Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004; Mundo, M A. 2004). The Mechanism of Antibacterial Properties Honey has many natural properties which enable it to inhibit bacteria. These properties include, a low pH which is in the range of pH 3. 2 to 4. 5, approximately 3. 9 which is due to its content of acidic compounds mainly Gluconic acid as stated above. A low pH is inhibitory to most bacteria. Since most bacteria live in environments around pH 7, the pH of honey could inhibit the bacteria (Barrett, J et. al. al 2005). This is because pH affects the way large proteins such as enzymes work. Which causes the shape of enzymes to change, which then alters the overall charge, this causes the protein to denature. Honey contains small amounts of Hydrogen peroxide (H202) this varies depending on the honey, it is produced as a result of the enzyme glucose oxidase activity in producing Gluconic acid (Mundo, MA. et. al. 2004). C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase reaction) When honey is used topically (as, for example, a wound dressing), hydrogen peroxide is produced by dilution of the honey with body fluids. As a result, hydrogen peroxide is released slowly and acts as an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidising agent (Free Radical) which has the ability to damage cells. In an aqueous solution hydrogen peroxide acts like an acid and can oxidise a variety of compounds, by accepting free unpaired electrons. This allows the formation of other free radicals, which then causes a cascade effect. Therefore altering biological structures and therefore damaging cells. Honey is primarily a saturated mixture of two monosaccharide, with a low water activity; most of the water molecules are associated with the sugars and few remain available for microorganisms, so it is a poor environment for their growth. If water is mixed with honey, it loses its low water activity, and therefore no longer possesses this antimicrobial property. Honey consists of various constituents such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, amino acid, energy and minerals. Besides the major ones, there must also be several minor constituents in honey, which may be playing a key role in determining the antimicrobial behaviour of honey. In the past, antimicrobial activity of honey had been reported only by using aqueous solution of honey. It is said that honey possesses antibacterial property but it is not clear whether it is the bulk honey or some fraction of it. The antibacterial properties of honey speed up the growth of new tissue to heal the wound. The bactericidal effect of honey is reported to be dependent on concentration of honey used and the nature of the bacteria Considering the fact that their might be some specific constituents which may be contributing to the antimicrobial behaviour, it was decided to carryout the studies using different solvents. The present study therefore deals with the constituents in the different solvents followed by evaluation of extract for their antimicrobial behaviour against certain species of bacteria. 2) OBJECTIVE Based on the above facts, the present study was defined with following objective: 1) To check the antibacterial effect of different honeys on. a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 2) To check the effect of honey on bacterial strains using different-different dilutions. . 100% honey sample b. 75% honey sample c. 50% honey sample d. 25% honey sample 3) To compare the effect of honey and control (Distilled water) on a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 3) LITERATURE REVIEWS Honey has been used with medicinal purposes since ancient times and there are reports of its topic use by Ayurvedic medicine, dating back to 2500 b. c. Hippocrates prescribed the use of honey for several indications, including treatment of wounds and gastritis. Its healing properties are mentioned in the Koran and in Bible. Honey is a part of traditional medicine for centuries. The antimicrobial activity of honey is due primarily to hydrogen peroxide produced enzymatically. However, in undiluted honey the acidity is also a significant antimicrobial factor. The pH, ranging from 3. 2 to 4. 5, is low enough to inhibit the development of pathogens, whose optimal pH range situates between 7. 2 and 7. 4. When applied to affected areas of tissue, acidity, osmotic effect and phytochemical factors decrease with dilution; however, the activity of hydrogen peroxide increases from 2. to 50 times. On these values, peroxide acts as an antiseptic, without causing cell damage. The composition of sugars in honeys, from different floral origins, inhibits the development of various intestinal bacteria. All chemical and physical factors make the therapeutic properties of honey unique: fast decline of infections and healing of wounds, quick inflammation recover y, minimizing of wounds, stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as the development of epithelial and granular tissues. Honey to be used with topical medicinal purpose, certain requirements are needed, like being free f herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals and radioactive elements and sterilized to prevent secondary infections. 3. 1) TYPES OF HONEY – ON BASIS OF FLORAL SOURCE- Blended- Most commercially available honey is blended, meaning it is a mixture of two or more honeys differing in floral source, color, flavor, density or geographic origin. Polyfloral – Polyfloral honey, also known as wildflower honey, is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may vary from year to year, and the aroma and the flavor can be more or less intense, depending on which bloomings are prevalent. Monofloral- Monofloral honey is made primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Different monofloral honeys have a distinctive flavor and color because of differences between their principal nectar sources. To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees have access to only one type of flower. Honeydew honey- Instead of taking nectar, bees can take honeydew, the sweet secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects. Honeydew honey is very dark brown in color, with a rich fragrance of stewed fruit or fig jam, and is not sweet like nectar honeys. . 2) COMPOSITION OF HONEY Carbohydrates Unsurprisingly, these comprise the major portion of honey – about 82%. The carbohydrates present are the monosaccharide fructose (38. 2%) and glucose (31%); and disaccharides (~9%) sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, maltulose, turanose and kojibiose. There are also some oligosaccharides present (4. 2%), including erlose, theanderose and panose, formed from incomplete breakdown of the higher saccharides present in nectar and honeydew. Proteins and Amino Acids. Honey contains a number of enzymes, including invertase, which converts sucrose to glucose and fructose; amylase, which breaks starch down into smaller units; glucose oxidase, which converts glucose to gluconolactone, which in turn yields gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide; catalase, which breaks down the peroxide formed by glucose oxidase to water and oxygen; and acid phosphorylase, which removes inorganic phosphate from organic phosphates. Honey also contains eighteen free amino acids, of which the most abundant is proline. Vitamins, Minerals and Antioxidants Honey contains trace amounts of the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. It also contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the minerals calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, chromium and manganese. The main group of antioxidants in honey are the flavonoids, of which one, pinocembrin, is unique to honey and bee propolis. Ascorbic acid, catalase and selenium are also antioxidants. Generally speaking, the darker the honey, the greater its antioxidising properties. Other compounds Honey also contains organic acids such as acetic, butanoic, formic, citric, succinic, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic and gluconic acids, and a number of aromatic acids. The main acid present is gluconic acid, formed in the breakdown of glucose by glucose oxidase. Honey also contains hydroxymethylfurfural, a natural product of the breakdown of simple sugars below pH 5. According to studies done by Patricia E. Lusby et al Twelve of the 13 bacteria were inhibited by all honeys used in this study with only Serratia marcescens and the yeast Candida albicans not inhibited by the honeys. Little or no antibacterial activity was seen at honey concentrations 1%, with minimal inhibition at 5%. No honey was able to produce complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Although Medi honey and manuka had the overall best activity, the locally produced honeys had equivalent inhibitory activity for some, but not all, bacteria. He then postulated that honeys other than those commercially available as antibacterial honeys can have equivalent antibacterial activity. These newly identified antibacterial honeys may prove to be a valuable source of future therapeutic honeys. According to Peter C. Molan (2001), honey may be the â€Å"natural cure† for most bacterial infections that could replace man-made antibiotics. Researchers say that an enzyme in the honey turns into a tiny  amount hydrogen peroxide when combined with bodily fluids killing nearby bacteria. Honey also causes an increase in lymphocyte and  phagocyte activity (Cooper et al. , 2011). The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobial effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005; Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004; Mundo, MA. 2004). In this study the antibacterial activity of the five honeys were compared, the Manuka honey was used as a positive control. The nonperoxide antibiotic activity is due to methylglyoxal (MGO) and an unidentified synergistic component. Most honeys contain very low levels of MGO, but manuka honey contains very high levels. The presence of the synergist in manuka honey more than doubles MGO antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial activity of raw and commercially available honey was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp. nd Salmonella spp. ). Both types of honey showed antibacterial activity against test organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 8. 13 to 30. 85 mm, while E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella spp. showed sensibility towards both types of Honey. Both types of honey showed no effects on Salmonella spp. The potency of honey at 100%concentration was found to be higher than all other concentrations tested. However, no effect was observed at concentration of 6. 25% v/v honey in the case of both samples(Patricia E. Lusby 2004). To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their respective reference strains. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effect employs the well-agar diffusion method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diameter inhibition zone. Streptococcus pyogenes,Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their equal reference strains thus emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research (C. Voidarou 2010). Natural products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drugs because of the ready availability of chemical diversity (Cos et al. , 2006). Honey and lemon-honey are traditional remedies in the Middle East and China and for many centuries and have been used in the treatment and prevention of the common cold and various upper respiratory tract infections (Molan, 1992; Zulma ; Lulat, 1989). Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using standard well diffusion methods. oncluded that the sandal wood from different sources and mixture of of – and -santanols were highly effective against gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and as well as yeast Candida albicans. The present work gives strong evidence of antibacterial activities of honey, sandal oil and black pepper (Sheikh Ahmad 2002). In general, all types of honey have high sugar cont ent as well as low water content and acidity, which prevent microbial growth. Osmotic effect, effect of pH and hydrogen peroxide are represented as an â€Å"inhibition† factor in honey (Postmes et al. , 1993). Most types of honey generate hydrogen peroxide when diluted because of the activation of the enzyme glucose oxidase, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Schepartz and Subers, 1964). Hydrogen peroxide is the major contributor to the antimicrobial activity of honey,and the different concentrations of this compound indifferent honeys result in their variable antimicrobial effects (Molan, 1992). Moreover, non peroxide factors also play critical role. The content of non peroxide factors are related to the floral source and sometimes account for the major part of the antibacterial activity in honey(Molan and Russell, 1988). Forty samples of different honey types (Acacia, Ziziphus , Brassica and Citrus) were collected from different areas of Pakistan and analyzed for moisture, pH, total acidity, ash, electrical conductivity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), sucrose, total sugars, invert sugar, protein, proline contents as well as macro and micro elements. The variation in composition of honey samples was observed due to different types of flora. Likewise, a significant level (P ; 0. 05) of ash, electric conductivity, sucrose, total sugar as well as macro and micro elements was also found in these honey types. Different formulations of honey has significantly inhibited growth of pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger when compared to control group, which is an evidence that honey is a therapeutic agent being used since ancient time throughout the world. Feng et. al. 1994) The discrepancy in the observed antibacterial activity can be due to several reasons. One possibility might be related to the differences in susceptibility of each species of microorganism to the antibacterial activity of honey used. Similar observations are reported by others (Nzeako and Hamdi 2000; Ceyhan and Ugur 2001; Taormina et al. 2001). As reported by others (Melissa et al. 2004) dilution of h oney enhances hydrogen peroxide mediated antibacterial activity may explain some of the discrepancies of observed with the antibacterial activity of these honey. The presence of unstable putative agents and/or thermolabile antibacterial agent(s) could also be inactivated during the experimental procedure and thus may be considered as possible explanation of the observed insensitivity of some honey samples found in the preliminary study. 4. ) MATERIALS AND METHOD 4. 1) Materials Several local brands of honey and Dabur honey collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from- Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up). In the antibacterial study, several bacterial species known to be pathogenic to human such as E. oli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis was used. These strains were obtained from biotechnology lab. in accordance to given requirement. Glass wares used:- Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), Petri plates, glass rod, test tubes spreader, glass beakers, Glass slides and cover slip, Plastic wares used:- Beakers, Conical flask (50 0 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), dropper, appendrof tubes (2ml), auto pipette tips (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l) Instruments used:- Hot air oven, Autoclave machine, Laminar air flow hood, Incubator, Microwave oven Other material used:- Sprit lamp, cork borer,test tube stand, auto pipette (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l), parafilm wax,,filter paper Chemicals used:- Nutrient agar, nutrient broth, Mueller Hinton agar, 70% Methanol, 100% methanol, ethyl alcohol ,sodium chloride. 4. 2) Methods Physicochemical study: Appearance of different honeys was observed. pH is determined using conventional procedure like using ph scale. Antibacterial study: Antibacterial study was carried out in steps. In the first step, an in vitro screening will be carried out using either disc diffusion or well diffusion method. Well diffusion was carried out using plate diffusion, which I preferred. Preparation of test materials: Test materials will be prepared by diluting each honey at different dilutions, 25 ? l/100 ? l, 50 ? l/100 ? l, 75 ? l/100 ? l and one with no dilution. Moreover, net honey was also used as test material. All dilutions were carried out with double distilled and deionised sterilized water. 3. 2. 1) Source of bacterial strains The E. coli. , S. aureus, Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis were revived from the stock available in the various Biotechnology laboratories of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India. Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth:- 100ml nutrient broth was prepared and ten test tubes were taken, autoclaved, and after this the Bacterial strains was inoculated in the nutrient broth in different test tubes and then incubated for 24 hours in incubator . Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media:- For All Bacterial strains:- 5. 6g of Nutrient agar was added to the 200ml of purified water. Then solution was heated and boiled for 1 minute to completely dissolve the powder. Then media was autoclaved. Then media(10-15 ml) was poured in Petri plates. Then Bacterial strains were added to media. Then Petri plate were kept in incubator for 18-48 hours at 37 degree C. Saline preparation : Take . 58g of Nacl and dissolve it to 10ml of distled water and make saline before 15 min of spreading and take the colonies from the nutrient agar plates and mix properly in the saline. Nutrient agar medium for antimicrobial testing: 7g of nutrient agar medium was added to the 250 ml of distilled water and heated for 1 minute to complete dissolve medium then autoclaved . After that pouring the petriplates and left it 20 minute for solidify medium and make wells , after solidify put the different Honeys in the wells and kept it to incubate for 18-48 hours at 37C. Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method: The bacterial strains were inoculated into 10 ml of sterile nutrient broth, and incubated at 37  °C for 18 h. Each culture was then spreaded on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plate and also pour-plated in nutrient agar media to perform the test in triplet, one with the control and the other two ith the test sample. Making the wells With the help of a cork borer make wells in the agar carefully without tearing the gel. In two agar plate of all four sets, four wells were prepared with the help of sterilized cork borer. Then with the hep of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the wellIn the wells of two plates of each set, samples of following concentrations: (1) 100% sterile Honey(2) 75% sterile Honey( 3) 50% sterile Honey and (4) 25% sterile Honey; were added by using micropipette. Also in the a well water was added as negative control. Then with the help of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the well Replace the lid of the plate between putting sample into wells to minimize exposure to air-borne contaminants. Cover the lid tightly with paraffin tape to avoid contamination. Incubation of the plates . A temperature range of 35 °C  ± 2 °C is required for 24-48 hours. Do not incubate plates in carbon dioxide  as this will decrease the pH of the agar and result in errors due to incorrect pH of the media. Measuring zone of inhibition 1. Following incubation, measure the zone sizes  to the nearest millimeter  using a ruler or caliper; include the diameter of the well in the measurement . 2. All measurements were made with the unaided eye while viewing the back of the petri dish. Hold the plate a few inches above a black, nonreflecting surface illuminated with reflected light . 3. Record the zone size on the recording sheet. Figure1: Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method 4. )RESULTS Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth:- Figure2: Culture E. coli. , S. ureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis in Nutrient broth media. Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media:- Fig. –3 E. coli subcultured on nutrient agar Fig. – 4 B. Subtilis subcultured on nutrient agar Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method: Fig 5 : No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which E. coli is grown Fig 6 : No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which Bacillus subtilis is grown ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST E. coli FIG. 7 – ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY(pathankot sample) IN E. coli: 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm FIG. 8– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (dabur sample) IN E. coli : 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm FIG. 9– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (saharanpur sample) IN E. coli: 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST B. subtilis FIG. 10– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN B. subtilis (pathankot sample): 100% = 3. cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm FIG. 11– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (dabur sample): 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm; FIG. 12– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (saharanpur):100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm ANTIMICRO BIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST Burkholderia capacium FIG. 13– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in Burkholderia capacium (pathankot sample): 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm; FIG. 4– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (dabur): 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 15– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (saharanpur):100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST S. Aureus FIG. 16– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (pathankot):100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 17– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (dabur):100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. cm FIG. 18– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN S. aureus (saharanpur): 100% = 2 . 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm Appearance Appearance of each of honey brand was examined and it was observed that honey were brown to dark brown in color, whereas other honey were golden yellow in color. Dabur honey- golden colour,transparent Pathankot sample – golden colour with sufficient transparency Saharanpur sample – dark yellow colour with zero transparency The transparency is due to processing of honey,while less transparent samples are unprocessed and taken directly from bee hive. Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Pathankot honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm)| | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. coli. | 0. 0| 2. 6| 1. 9| 1. 7| 1. 2| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 3. 0| 2. 7| 2. 7| 2. 5| S. aureus| 0. 0| 2. 1| 1. 7| 1. 4| 1. 2| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 1| 1. 9| 1. 5| 1. 4| Table2- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of dabur honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm) | | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. coli. | 0. 0| 2. 2| 1. 6| 1. 3| 1. 1| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 2. 7| 2. 5| 2. 4| 2. 2| S. aureus| 0. 0| 3. 0| 2. 7| 2. 2| 1. 8| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 4| 1. 7| 1. 5| 1. 2| Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Saharanpur honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm)| | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. oli. | 0. 0| 2. 8| 2. 4| 2. 3| 1. 7| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 3. 2| 2. 7| 2. 3| 1. 5| S. aureus| 0. 0| 2. 9| 2. 5| 2. 0| 1. 6| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 5| 1. 9| 1. 7| 1. 4| In the preliminary screening process was observed that some honey brands have more while some other have less antibacterial activity. Some honey showed antibacterial effect against E. Coli and some showed strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ,S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium. Clear zones of inhibition were produced by concentrated without dilution. Through the analysis of average values of the diameters of each honey, it is possible to infer a possible pattern in which commercial honeys, such as DABUR honey, have a greater average diameter while the homemade honeys from different regions, have a lower average diameter even at less concentrations, but the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Saharanpur honey sample with was collected directly from the apiary without any processing and it showed clear and large inhibition zones for all bacterial strains which were used for this test. Though after the dilutions were made, the low concentrated samples of Saharanpur honey resulted in rather poor antimicrobial activity. The wells in which water was loaded shoed absolutely no antimicrobial activity which was used as negative control. The results also showed that lower concentration of honey made through dilution shows less antimicrobial activity than concentrated ones. Thus honey are definitely effective against the bacterial strains at all concentrations. 6) REFERENCES Bibi S, Husain SZ, Malik RN (2008). Pollen analysis and heavy metals detection in honey samples from seven selected countries. Pak. J. Bot. 40(2): 507-516 * Cooper R. A. , Molan P. C. , Harding K. G. (1999) Antibacterial activity of honey against strains of Staphylococcus aureus from infected wounds, J. R. Soc. Med. 92, 283–285. * Cooper R. How does honey heal wounds? In: Munn P, Jones R,editors. Honey and Healing. UK: International Bee Research Association; 2001. * de Jong H. J. 1999) The Land of Corn and Honey:The keeping of stingless bees (meliponiculture) in the ethno-ecological environment of Yucatan (Mexico) and El Salvador, Utrecht UniversityPress, Netherlands, 423 p. * Kamal A, Raza A, Rashid N, Hammed TG, Lami M, Gureshin MA,Nasim K (2002). Comparative study of Honey collected from flora of Pakistan. On Line J. Biol. Sci. 23(9): 626-627. * Khalil MI, Shahjahan M, Absar N (2006). Glycemic Response and Lycemic Index of Bangladeshi Honey in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Malaysian. J. Pharm. Sci. 4(1): 13–19. * Lusby PE, Coombes AL, Wilkinson JM. Bactericidal activity of different honeys against pathogenic bacteria. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 464-467 * Molan P. C. (1997) The antibacterial activity of honey. The nature of the antibacterial activity,Bee World 73, 5–28. * Mundo MA, Padilla-Zakour OI, Worobo RW. Growth inhibition of foodborne pathogens and food spoilage organisms by select raw honeys. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 97: 1-8. * Tumin N, Halim NA, Shahjahan M, Noor Izani NJ, Sattar MA,Khan AH, et al. Antibacterial activity of local Malaysian honey. Malaysian J Pharma Sci 2005; 3: 1-10. How to cite Svrwvrev, Essay examples

Acid Rain (2031 words) Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain (2031 words) Essay Acid RainAcid Rain(The Environmental Effects)My first question is , ?What is Acid Rain You hear about it all the time in the news and it is very important to the earths ecosystem. In simple terms, acid rain is rain that is more acidic than normal. All objects in nature have a certain level of acicicity but acid rain has too much acid in it. Acid rain is a complicated problem, caused by air pollution. Acid rains spread and damage involves weather, chemistry, soil, and the life cycles of plants and animals on the land and from acid rain in the water. Acidity is measured using a pH scale, with the number 7 being neutral. Therefore, a body with a pH value of less than 7 is acidic. On the other hand, a value greater than 7 is basic. The pH of 5.6 has been used as the baseline in identifying acid rain, although this value is controversial, therefore, acid ran is any rainfall that has an acidity level above what is expected in non-polluted rainfall. Any precipitation that has a pH value of less than 5.6 is considered to be acid precipitation. Readings of pH 2.4as acidic as vinegarwere recorded during storms in New England. During one particularly acid summer storm, rain falling on a lime-green automobile leached away the yellow in the green paint, leaving blue raindrop shaped spots on the car. Scientists have found that pollution in the air from the burning of fossil fuels is the main cause of acid rain. The major chemicals in air that help to create acid rain are sulfur dioxide, known as (SO2), and nitrogen oxides, known as (NOx). Acid rain is formed high in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This lethal mixture creates a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight often increases the speed at which the reaction occur. Rainwater, snow, fog, and other forms of precipitation containing these new solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids fall to earth as acid rain. Acid rain does not make up all of the acidity that falls back to earth from pollutants. Only half of the acidity in the air falls back to earth through dry deposition as gases and dry particles. The wind blows and then these acidic grains are blown onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees. In some cases, these particles can eat away the objects which they land on. Dry deposited gases are sometimes washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When this occurs, the runoff water adds the new acids to the acid rain, making a more acidic combination than the falling rain by itself. One of the main causes of acid rain is the sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is one of the main ingredients which make up the deadly combination that forms acid rain. Some of the natural sources that emit this gas are rotting vegetation, volcanoes, plankton, rotting animals and sea spray. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, do not help the situation and are largely to blame for approxi mately half of the emissions of this gas in the world. Water moves through living plants, animal, streams, lakes, and oceans in the hydrologic cycle. In that cycle, water evaporates from the land and sea into the atmosphere. Water in the atmosphere then condenses to form clouds. Clouds release the water back to the earth as rain, snow, or fog. When water droplets form and fall to the earth, they pick up particles and chemicals that float in the air. Even clean, unpolluted air has some particles such as dust or pollen. Clean air also contains naturally occurring gases such as carbon dioxide. The interaction between the water droplets and the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere gives rain a pH of 5.6, making even clean rain slightly acidic. Other natural sources of acids and bases in the atmosphere may lower or raise the pH of unpolluted rain. However, when rain contains pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the rain water can become very acidic. This problem is a pr oblem of natures balance being tampered with. If not polluted, normal precipitation would react with chemicals that are derived from bedrock in the air, soil, lakes, and streams and this rain would be neutralized. Since the precipitation is highly acidic, these natural buffering chemicals will be destroyed. When this occurs, the natural buffering effect does not occur, and nature wont keep its balanceAcid rain has been a big problem for a long time. Research on acid rain is just starting to make progress. In the past, little was known about the causes and effects of acid rain. The Scarlet Ibis EssayFish, being one of the most important members of the food chain, provide nourishment for other creators. Since acid rain is affecting fish, this makes it dangerous for other creators including humans to eat the fish. Other sea dwellers such as amphibians are also affected by acid ran. The amphibian embryos have membranes that are too tough because of the acids, such that they are unable to break through at the proper time. So, they continue to grow, only to have deformed spines. The affects on water forms are the greatest and most tragic of all of the things that acid rain affects. Acid rain affects all that eat seafood or any other water dwelling life form. Another things impacted by acid rain are forests and soil. When acid rain falls onto the earths surface it causes a lot of damage. The soil is robbed of some vital things. Aluminum that is always present in the soil is freed, and the toxic element is absorbed by the roots of trees. The trees in turn are starved and deprived of vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Sulfuric acid returns to earth. When the sulfuric acid returns, it clogs up the stomata in the leaves, stopping photosynthesis. In addition, severe frosts may also further aggravate this situation. With sulfur dioxide, ammonia and ozone present in the air, the frost-hardiness of trees are reduced. Ammonia mixes with sulfur dioxide and forms ammonium sulfate. This product forms on the surface of the trees. When ammonium sulfate reaches the soils, it reacts to form both sulfuric and nitric acid. Such conditions also stimulate the growth of fungi and pests like the ambrosia beetle. When trees are under such stress, they release chemicals such as terpenes which attract the ambrosia beetle. Acid rain also affects the atmosphere. The affects on the atmosphere are mostly due to dry deposition that was mentioned earlier. The floating particles can contribute to haze, which affects visibility. This makes navigation especially hard for air pilots. The acid haze also inhibits the flow of sunlight from the sun to the earth and back. Acid rain also affects architecture. Architecture is affected by both dry precipitation and wet precipitation. When these particles land on building they eat into the concrete eventually destroying them. This is a potential danger because the infrastructure of the buildings can be destroyed, thus hurting people occupying the buildingAcid Rain also has a direct affect on you and I. The SO2 and NO2 emissions give rise to respiratory problems such as asthma, dry coughs, headaches, eye, nose and throat irritations. The indirect affect of acid rain are on the food that we eat. Acid rain is absorbed in fruits, and in the tissues of animals. Although these toxic metals do not directly affect the animals, they have serious affects on humans when they are being consumed. Acid rain is a huge problem which affects every person living in the world in some sort of way. Acid rain is a problem that can be reduced but not stopped completely due to the needs of our modern society. Some ways that we could help to reduce acid rain is by recycling, carpooling, and reducing. Acid rain is a problem that can be controlled but it is up to the people of earth to control the problem. Bibliography1. Heij, G.J. and J.W. Erisman (Editors). Acid Rain Research: Do we have enough answers? New York: Elsevier, 1995. 2.Comptons New Media Encyclopedia 19963. White, James C. (Editor). Acid Rain: The Relationship between Sources and Receptors. New York: Elsevier, 1988. 4.FAQ on Acid Rain(http://ns.doe.ca/aeb/ssd/acid/acidFAQ.html) Science

Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development

Introduction The long-term vision that encourages young people to participate in sports led to the winning of the right to host 2012 Olympic Games. The evaluation framework that established the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) provides the guidance and creates a structure that assesses the range of impacts related to the preparation, delivery and the legacy of the games.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adams Parmenter (2005) noted that this framework has been developed through extensive consultations in the last few years. This is by reviewing the then available strategies used and planning for the issues that were not achieved. This framework is to be adopted by all the organizations and the leading bodies in order to prepare for the effective delivery. Organisations will be encouraged to adopt the structures and used the framework for relevant evaluations. This study evaluates the importance of having a sustainable development strategy. It also evaluates the challenges faced by the ODA in ensuring delivery of employment and business objectives to creating new employment and business opportunities locally, regionally and nationally. Literature review Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) ensures the delivery of the Olympic park, other venues and infrastructure in preparation for the 2012 Games. These should be within the prescribed time in order to comply with the agreed upon budget. Airola Steven (2000) shows the authority works in ensuring the achievement of a sustainable development and provision of value for funds used. It also leaves a lasting social, environmental and economic legacy for east London. In planning for public expenditure and policy, the activities and investments related to the 2012 Olympic Games and its legacy have to undergo a critical evaluation process. Evaluations form an import ant component in the public scrutiny, thus used as a tool for developing and designing systems of delivery. The ODA’s mission includes delivering venues, facilities, transport and infrastructure in time. In addition, it ensures maximization of sustainable delivery while accomplishing this within the desired budget. ODA works with other partners such as CLM in managing design, construction and procurement of necessary facilities.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The funding needed come from grants given by the National Lottery, the London Development Agency, Media and Sport and Department for Culture (Barton 2004). According to London Assembly Environment Committee (2010), ODA’s evaluations provide a suitable content to different audiences including the public, the media fraternity, politicians and academic learners. Setting up a sustainable development strategy improves the policy knowledge through the assessment of the policy outcomes and linking them to their respective activities and resources. Balfousia-Savva et al (2003) noted that this strategy considers the effective and efficient policy development. Therefore, it enables organizations and stakeholders to gain a better understanding of designing and delivering policies in the future. The framework ensures an opportunity to develop and evaluate various methodologies used in measuring and monitoring outcomes. It is important for the development of new techniques to enable the evaluators to learn and practice various techniques and practices (Adams and Parmenter, 1995). The 2012 Games have impacts on specific social groups such as BME communities, young people, women and the disabled. Mark (2003, pp. 6-9) explains that some projects will also affect the entire population, for example, there will be increased economic development in the region within which the activities shall be held. Some specific sections of the population will benefit from the activities for instance, the disadvantaged groups will access employment opportunities while the neighbouring communities of East London will benefit from physical activity programs. ODA’s objectives for sustainable development include minimizing carbon emissions arising from the Olympic Park, optimizing opportunities for efficient use, reuse, and recycling of water. The other objectives include the identification of socially responsible materials and the need to protect biodiversity and ecology. Community support is as important as the provision of transport and health services to the participants of the ongoing activities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Barton (2004, pp. 18-25) the pre-games impacts include construction phase, increased costs and visitor impact in the run up of the games. The impact caused during the games include those related to the revenues for example from the staging the games, the impact caused by visitors, and the cost incurred in staging the games. The post-games impact includes the effects on the legacy, which involves an improved profile of the city, hence attracting more visitors. The lasting legacy of the games shall remain the development and improvement of the infrastructure, which shall provide value for several years to come. Methodology Information from the above study on Olympic Delivery Authority was collected through the surveying method. Individuals from east London were asked to give their views on the benefits that would come with the hosting of the Olympic Games to London and how it would influence the economy locally, regionally and nationally. Various people gave their views on the availability of new business opportunities as well as the creation of new employment opportu nities. Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of a large population, hence remains the best method that provides the general measure of the facets under review. Findings, Analysis and discussion PESTEL Analysis Political forces ODA is committed to achieve five major objectives of the 2012 games, including the establishment of UK as one of the leading sports destinations in the world, changing the heart of East London, inspiring young people to be involved in volunteering their participation in cultural and physical activities in order to better their lives. It will also include making the Olympic park as a blueprint showing sustainable living. Finally, it shall demonstrate the creativity of UK through design of infrastructure necessary for facilitating the activities of the Olympic activities. Pezzey Toman (2002) have noted that political influence has caused the relocation of the people to create space for the development of requisite structures. This has resulted i n the emergence of social unrest. The unstable political influence has also contributed to fear of terror attack.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The analysis estimate the about 200 million has been spend on ensuring the safety of the populations who shall be present during the Olympic activities. Social organizations have claimed that the Olympics cause economic recession, for example, what was experienced in the 2000 Olympic in Sydney. The human rights group in London has raised concerns about the displacement of people from the villages in which they have lived for over a century. Therefore, the human rights agencies advocate for the establishment of mechanism aimed at safeguarding the rights of the participants as well s the observers of the games while challenging governments to take legal liability for damages and losses arising due to insecurity. Smith Rees (2008) illustrates that other political forces influencing the 2012 Olympics shall include the international attacks. For instance, those streaming in from Iran and threatening to boycott over the controversies of the logo are likely to cause chaos during this mome nt. The analysis of tourism industry projects improvements in the sector with a rise from 50% to 70%in growth due to influence of the games. Economic forces The economic impact of the Olympic Games is much contributed by the effects caused by visitors through their expenditures in the host country. A country also benefits from developments for example in infrastructure investments in areas that had been deprived. The country also benefits from the long- term legacy and increased exposure to the international media. This brings about more tourists in the future before and after the games. Once these economic effects are combined, they form a complex effect that cannot be determined only by the financial performance of the organizers or the additional revenues that the country gets for hosting the Games. To conduct the economic impact of the Olympic Games, there are some factors that have to be considered for example the effect the Games will cause on spending for example by organizat ions and individuals as well. These may include the amount spent on infrastructure in the pre-games period and the spending in the period of the games. Individuals mostly spend on transport, accommodation, food and entertainment. These people include spectators, athletes, officials and media representatives from all over the world. Although some of these groups of people are provided with most of these expenses there is a difference between residents spending and nonresident spending. The other factor to consider is that expenditure should be categorized according to products spent on for example in goods and services. A model must also be used to show how this spending is translated to a country’s income and increased employment opportunity. The input-output model has been used for the past years in translating the effects of spending. Peter et al. (2008, pp. 7-9) these have been able to show the effects caused. According to the Price Waterhouse Coopers, the GDP is estimated to contribute about 3.7 billion Euros. The GDP will be measured using the expenditure approach which shows the total demand expenditure minus the imports. Barton (18-25) shows more than 50,000 jobs have been created over the last 3 years of preparation for the Games and especially to the young people in the minority community. The plan for the 2012 Olympic Games is estimated to cover 30 years after the Games. The other economic impact of the 2012 Games is improved housing for example 40,000 houses are to be built in order to cater for the tourists visiting the country during and after the Games. This has a major impact upon the human resourcing strategy in that supply chain management is to be improved and about 75000 businesses have been contacted to supply goods and services to the UK during and after the Olympics. The other impact is that 42 percent of migrant workers are working in the country for that period in various sectors such as in health and hospitality industry. Transp ortation will improve since massive roads have been constructed including railway and more airstrips have been developed. Social forces The atmosphere of Bedford will be festive within the local community therefore providing a good climate for all. Individuals will also be encouraged to take up preventive measures for them to stay healthy during the period and to improve their well being. People involved in the British sport are hopeful of 2012 legacy, for example in the increased commitment to sport in the UK. For example, special programs for the disabled; Autism Awareness Campaign in UK is confident that more people will be encouraged to take up sports regardless of their status. Barton (2004) describes that the Olympic Village Polyclinic will also be transformed into a learning center for the community around East London. There will also be improved infrastructure for example nursery, primary, secondary and creative industries will emerge therefore improving the living standards of most individuals therefore impacting on the ODA’s human resourcing strategy. Cultural effects were not a significant part that influences the Olympic Games but still it should not be ignored. The government has recommended doing more in publicizing and coordinating culture. This will be achieved by drawing ideas together and sharing best practices to increase awareness of practical cultural activities. Young people will be given an opportunity to experience and participate in various cultural activities. Some of the elements that will be used in the youth culture will be to stag along waterways, bridges and streets. Exhibitions of world art and artifacts will be set up in London museums to display the culture of the communities living there. Technological forces Technology has been improved for example in the development of the modernized stadium and the water part. The world media have also improved technology in the country since it will be using live broadcasting techn ology. Transport technology has also been utilized in building massive roads and railways. The security technology is also present for example the use of CCTV and the scanning devices installed in every entry of the stadium. Improved technology will also be provided for example in giving tickets, scanning ID cards and biometric scanning. Environmental forces The environmental impact caused by the 2012 Olympic Games includes concern over protecting and restoring a favorable place for everyone. This involves recognizing the link between social and economic goals. The environmental sustainability programs have been set up to eliminate pollution around the Bedford community. The ecosystem has been preserved, for example, through the provision of livable climate and water cycling to avoid suffocation. The soil formation has also been improved as well as the natural landscapes that attract tourists. A mega event such as the 2012 Olympic Games ordinarily will produce carbon emissions for e xample from the presence of many vehicles and from the processing industries. Large carbon emissions should therefore be provided to reduce these emissions. Renewable energy should therefore be provided to reduce carbon emissions from the Olympic park. Legal forces The mega event has also to consider some legal factors for example, the brand licensing should be maintained, which is Bedford 2012. Legal procedures should also be followed while selling sponsorships, for example, to the stakeholders like world TV, online services and print media. The intellectual property rights are to be maintained by the use of Bedford 2012 logo and ODA’s strategies ensures this is achieved. Organisations that will want to temporarily open showrooms and showcasing items in the park should have a selling right. SWOT Analysis Strengths ODA’s strengths include having a sustainable development strategy that ensures delivery, value for money and the provision of a lasting economic, social and environmental legacy. The major strength includes the presence of strong human resource management that ensures effective and trained employees work on the infrastructure development. Wallace (2005) explains that this ensures that the value for money is attained as well as the time and budget set is maintained. This has a major impact on the human resourcing strategy as they have to include individuals who are ready to achieve maximum goals set up by the authority. Weaknesses The factors that could affect the success of the Olympics include doping controversies for example use of performance enhancing drugs by athletes. The organizers should ensure that all the athletes have been tested to avoid positive athletes for example is it was in the Athens 2004 where many participants had been tested positive. Terror attacks in the country could also affect the success of the event as it was in Munich 1972. It is therefore important for the people responsible for security to ensure that th is is effectively maintained. Critics received from many Londoners could also affect the success of the planned costs of Olympics for example citizen have been forced to pay an increase of 20 Euro per year in terms of council tax. Barton (2004) describes that there are also concerns that unions will strike near of during the Games advocating for bonuses. Opportunities Business opportunities are created for example in the construction phase and this will be provided to the communities surrounding the Olympic Park. This impacts ODA’s human resourcing strategy through the implementation of plans in respect of skills and business opportunities, workforce and supply chain management. Stivers (1999) shows more opportunities will also be created from other parks such as Olympic Village Development and Stratford City. This will cause an impact on local businesses as well as regional. Employees should therefore be well managed to build venues that offer fair opportunities for all, and that they build according to the planned time and budget. The human resource management should also ensure fair and transparent deliveries in terms of procurement of goods and services. Threats The construction deadlines might not be met. The success of the proceedings has not been welcomed for example by individuals outside London who feel that the event will divert international funding therefore posing difficult in funding from the rest of the UK citizens. Blake (2005) states that the local businesses that have been working in some areas for over 100 years have been displaced are concerned about where to find new sites for their business. The event has received less government support unlike the Manchester one and there are concerns that transport cost might be high which will out price tourists leaving many businesses and events unattended to resulting to losses. Recommendations The above study evaluates the economic importance of the sustainable development and its impact to t he host country, its value and the benefits achieved in hosting these games. These evaluations need to be known as they are used in the early stages of the Olympic bidding process. The organizers should also be aware of the scale of the economic benefits brought about by hosting the Olympic Games. Adams (2006) argues that these aspects allow developed promotions in the local context and it also brings about significant benefits to the local economy. The organizing committee is also provided with necessary information on the scale of benefits to have a critical understanding of the cost of bidding. The higher costs of these Games and higher expectations of quality venues justify these costs and have therefore been used to increase a country’s revenue and the economic impact. Displacements have remained common in a host of countries and problems of pricing, overcrowding and safety. Barbier (2007) puts it that the impact of the displacements however, yields economic and tourism legacy benefits, which outweighs the short-term losses of the displaced which are estimated to be 375 and 258 million for London and UK respectively. Tourism gains are estimated to be about 2.4 billion Euros for UK and about 1.9 billion for London (House of Commons 2007). Conclusion The planning and preparations made by ODA have generated significant activities and necessary information. To achieve legacy impacts, economics and infrastructure impacts, the organizing committee should be capable of demonstrating an understanding the long- term impacts on peoples, community, the economy and the environment. Currently, there are many organizations undertaking significant work of leading up to the success of the 2012 Games. The set goals and objectives have already generated a large amount of data necessary for the assessment of the overall impacts caused to various organizations. Sensitivity analysis has shown that the overall impact of the Olympic is likely to give positive change in v arious aspects such as in increased GDP though there are larger risks estimated to occur during and after the Games because of high levels of uncertainty about the legacy effect. ODA’s sustainable development objectives provide a means for managing and developing both the existing and the new information in a more structured and comprehensive manner. References Adams, P., Parmenter, B., 2005. ‘An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis of the Economic Effects of Tourism in a Quite Small.’ Applied Economics, vol. 27, pp. 985-994. Adams, W., 2006. ‘The future of sustainability: Re-thinking environment and development in the Twenty-first Century.’ Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, pp. 29-31. Airola, J Steven, C., 2000. The projected economic impact on Houston hosting the 2012 summer Olympic Games. Houston: Department of Economics, University of Houston. Balfousia-Savva, S., Athanassiou, L., Milonas, A., 2003. The economic effect of the Athen s Olympic Games. Athens: Kasimati. Barbier, E 2007, Natural Resources and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barton, L., 2004. ‘The economic impact of the Olympic Games’. Coopers European Economic Outlook, pp. 18-25. Blake, A., 2005. The economic impact of the London 2012 Olympics. Nottingham: Christel DeHaan, Tourism and Travel Research Institute, Nottingham University Business School. House of Commons. Culture, Media and Sport Committee. 2007. ‘London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympics Games: Funding and Legacy.’ Second Report of Session 2006–07 vol. 1. Web. London Assembly Environment Committee 2010, The Environmental Sustainability of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games. Web. Mark, J 2003, ‘Sustainability – Architecture: Between Fuzzy Systems and Wicked Problems.’ Blueprints, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 6–9. Peter, R. K., John, B., 2008. ‘Sustainability: Science, practice, policy.â₠¬â„¢ An Introduction to Sustainable Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 7-9. Pezzey, J Toman, M., 2002. ‘The economics of sustainability.’ A Review of Journal Articles, pp. 1-36. Smith, C Rees, G 2008, Economic Development, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Stivers, R 1999, The sustainable society: Ethics and economic growth. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Wallace, B 2005, Becoming part of the solution: The engineer’s guide to sustainable development. Washington, DC: American Council of Engineering Companies. This report on Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development was written and submitted by user Abigail Dixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay Example

Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay Example Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay The rapid growing of touristry industries over the last few decennaries has seen the outgrowth of new tourer attractive force finishs and this has had rather a figure of important importances in assorted parts. For case, in Australia, there are assorted touristry attractive force finishs which have in the yesteryear spearheaded the economic growing of this state in the sense that they offer employment chances, pull foreign investing, consequence into the saving of the natural environment, and let communities to bask the use of their regional natural resources and conserve their heritage. However, there are discrepancies in the degrees of economic importance as is evident with Gold Coast Tourism and Sunshine Tourism which are both found in Queensland part. A comparing between these tourers attractive force finishs revealed that Gold Coast attracts legion visitants which make it to incur many disbursals as compared to Sunshine Coast. All the same, Sunshine Coast Tourism has gained a higher degree of economic importance in the Australian part as compared to the Gold Coast touristry. This study intends to offer a comparative analysis of these two Australian touristry industries and offer recommendations that would spearhead touristry growing in Queensland part. Comparative Analysis of Gold Coast Tourism and Sunshine Coast Tourism Introduction Tourism plays a really important function in the economic system of Australia where it contributed approximately 2.6 % to the Australian gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) and 4.5 % to the employment of this state in the financial 2009-2010. With approximately 46 % of the touristry outgo in Australia being spent in assorted regional countries, coastal touristry is deemed to be of considerable significance to Australia s many regional communities. Therefore, to set up the grade of touristry importance in Queensland, this study intends to gauge the economic importance of Gold Coast Tourism and Sunshine Coast Tourism across the Australia s touristry parts. The study will: Compare the value of each of these touristry industries to the local economic system, and Rank each of them with regard to their comparative importance to the local economic systems Composition of Australia s touristry parts Basically, Australia has eighty four touristry parts and each touristry part comprises of rather a figure of SLA ( statistical local countries ) as the Australian Bureau of Statistics defines in audience with district and province touristry organisations. Despite the handiness of assorted other touristry parts, this study yearns to carry on a comparative analysis between two of the Queensland Australia s touristry parts viz. the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. Queensland regional touristry industries seem non to be of equal size, touristry outgo, end product or even visitants Numberss ( Pambudi, 2009 ) . In fact, all these comparative factors can greatly change from a given part to another as will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions. Gold Coast Tourism Gold Coast has traditionally been celebrated by the vacation shapers because of its arresting natural environment and assorted semisynthetic attractive forces. The Gold Coast leisure assets presently seem to be the cardinal market drivers in the capital popularity with many corporate delegates seeking multidimensional concern event experiences. The impressive modern event and convention installations are simply the starting point for the Australia s Gold Coast. The professional and infrastructural support services in this tourers part are comparable to the other metropoliss in the universe. However, Gold Coast is regarded exceeding when the overall touristry experience is perceived ( Page A ; Connell, 2006 ) . For case, this touristry attractive force Centre offers concern integrating pristine coastline equivalent to 70 kilometres, 100,000 hectares of universally listed heritage rain forest ; more theme Parks when compared to anyplace in the southern hemisphere ; immense balls of pr ivate islands, over 600 coffeehouses and eating houses ; 800 adjustment locales every bit good as canals of about 500 kilometres, which are all found within 40 proceedingss drive from each other. In kernel, the dichotomy of the high tourer attractive forces and substructure which cater for both meeting and leisure sections have made Gold Coast to be considered as one of the most coveted Asia Pacific s resort finishs. Gold Coast Tourism towns and merchandises Gold Coast is unusually known for its wide beach, Burleigh Heads, Coolangatta, Main Beach, Southport, and Surfers Paradise. Basically, the wide beach offers rather of eating houses, coffeehouse and big shopping promenades. The wide beach besides has a beautiful flaxen beach that is backed by attractive Kurrawa Park which is well perfect for everybody. In fact, there are parklands and tracts where tourers can loosen up and roll every bit good as an low-cost kids s park coupled with digesting moving ridges for the surfboarding partisans ( Jones A ; Phillips, 2011 ) . More frequently, there are unrecorded amusements within the Parkss along with appealing art and trade markets where books, apparels, knickknack, trades, jewelry, and gifts are sold. However, cardinal to the Gold Coast Tourism success in the past old ages has been the sing friends and relations alongside the concern markets. Furthermore, holiday trial is deemed to stay the most dominant beginning for the parts domestic visitants. Over the last old ages, the vacation trials has significantly remained to be the predominating beginning of domestic tourer or visitants for the Queensland part with the degree of trial marginally increasing ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010a ) . Truly, touristry serves as the cardinal anchor to the Gold Coast City s life style, community, and economic system. From golf classs and international resorts to theme Parkss, this metropolis has attracted many touristry enterprisers worldwide to come and capitalise on the Australia s prima excitement ventures and sunny-days touristry finishs. Gold Coast Competitive Advantage and SWOT analysis The resort and hotel skyline of this celebrated breaker metropolis is really iconic. There exist adjustment which cater for all budgets get downing from mountain retreats and luxury resorts to bivouacing land and backpacker adjustment. Gold Coast huge touristry substructures are underpinned by matchless arrays of built and natural attractive forces. The pristine rain forest parts serve as the place to the wellness retreats, mountain trails, art galleries, trade stores and wine makers which await visitants seeking for a peaceable green agitate off from the metropolis s universe celebrated beaches normally found at the Gold Coast. This metropolis s touristry industry is widely supported by dedicated programmed events which exposes the touristry operators to ample concern chances. The events include blues on broadbeach, gustatory sensations of the Gold Coast, Gold Coast endurance contest, and the New Year eve jubilations ( Page A ; Connell, 2006 ) . Furthermore, Gold Coast is besides s een as a stylish finish for the concern tourers who recognize this coastal metropolis as a vibrant, safe, and friendly topographic point to partake in meetings and conferences. Harmonizing to Lee and Spisto ( 2001 ) , the strength of this touristry attractive force centre besides rely on the strategic location which allow it to use the metropolis s two comparative international airdromes that permits visitants entree into the metropolis via the Brisbane airdrome and Gold Coast airdrome. In fact, the Brisbane airdrome provides the riders a direct connexion to 39 domestic and 26 international finishs. With its diverse leisure and concern merchandises offerings, Gold Coast frequently attracts international and Australian visitants twelvemonth unit of ammunition thereby contradicting the seasonal troughs and extremums traditionally experienced by the seaside locations. The entrepreneurial investings civilization in this metropolis, sub tropical clime, community support for ideal touristry development together with the profile and size of the touristry industry set the Gold Coast Tourism to be in a less competitory operating environment. However, Gold Coast touristry is faced with failings such the deficit of cultural touristry experiences and merchandises ; over trust on all right conditions status experiences ; much concentration on the development of adjustment substructure every bit good as the misperception of the Gold Coast City as being excessively touristed, surfboarders Eden and merely belongs to surf and sun. Despite holding failings, there are legion chances in Gold Coast touristry ( Tourism Research Australia, 2010 ) . These include advanced and new touristry icons and merchandises ; nature based touristry in Gold Coast metropolis coastal and Hinterland parts ; niche market development ; advanced retail experiences ; stressing the links between Gold seashore life style and beach civilization every bit good as turning the international air services and leisure focused air hoses. Regardless of the robust domestic market, Gold Coast Tourism is threatened by the high volume and low output markets which consequences from urban conurbation, population growing and loss of the valued major events. There is every bit the absence of crisis and catastrophe direction touristry programs ; deficiency of inventive, universe category touristry substructure and merchandises ; safety and offense jobs alongside the planetary market competition in relation to the other touristry finishs both in abroad and in Australia ( Commonwealth of Australia, 2010 ) . The environmental debasement ensuing from the failure to efficaciously pull off the Gold Coast assets transporting capacity, besides posses important menaces to the available tourers attractive force finish. Sunshine Coast Tourism Merely as the name suggests, in Sunshine Coast, there are scintillating Waterss, elating positions, warm conditions and seductive sundowns which merely wait to welcome the tourers from Coolum, Noosa, and Caloundra along the coastal line to the enrapturing Montville, Mapleton, Mary Valley and Maleny all which are found on the backwoods. With some of the globally best beaches in add-on to the picturesque backwoods which is merely a few proceedingss off, this touristry attractive force finish offers of course reviewing sites that friends and households would likely long to see and bask. For illustration, being located about 100 kilometres north of Brisbane ; Sunshine Coast incorporates assorted beach side towns which extend to the Glass Mountains. Furthermore, this tourer attractive force finish offers a huge assortment of leisure and touristry merchandises which range from waterways and coastal beaches to national Parkss, quality eating houses, universe category resorts, scenic backwoo ds countries, and assorted other good reinforced tourers attractive forces. Sunshine Coast is found within the easy range of Brisbane which can be accessed through route or rail via the Bruce Highway ( Buckley, 2011 ) . Actually, the part supports the domestic airdrome at Maroochydore while Sunshine Coast airdrome hails the direct flights from Melbourne and Sydney. Sunshine Coast Competitive Advantage and SWOT analysis Sunshine Coast part is deemed to be amongst the quickly turning parts found in South East Queensland. This coastal part faces multifaceted challenges in serving the hereafter visitants and occupants demands peculiarly with respect to the basic substructure services and conveyance. Despite the fact that touristry is seen to be the largest current subscriber to the gross regional merchandise by about 16.4 % in Sunshine Coast part, investing in touristry related substructure alongside touristry merchandises has non been to the full utilised to run into the regional visitants future demands. However, in Australia, Sunshine Coastal part has a quickly spread outing touristry industry and population base which ideally provides domestic market for the offered touristry merchandises. This tourists part surfaced over the last few old ages from a really prevailing rural community to a immensely developed and urbanised part. All these occurred due to coastal countries increasing development which paved manner to the turning touristry industry. Furthermore, Sunshine Coast touristry is a celebrated leader in presenting diverse touristry experiences in a stylish, natural and friendly environment where the visitants can reconnect, loosen up and re-energize. The Sunshine Coast touristry attractive force finish has farther been recognized both globally and domestically for its sustainable development and direction of the assorted natural attractive forces and assets along with its moneymaking touristry ventures ( Jones A ; Phillips, 2011 ) . Finally, the effectual planning and policy coordination ; strong community support ; an incorporate cohesive industry and the consumer service civilization of the Sunshine Coast touristry has enabled this industry to present the visi ons long embraced by most touristry industries, and these organize the footing for its competitory advantage. Although Sunshine Coast Tourism offers beautiful touristry finish attractive forces and chances to all parties, the industry every bit has failings and menaces that revolve around its day-to-day operations. Basically, the strengths of this touristry appealing finish is seen in the series of proffered cultural activities such as the museums, historical topographic points, galleries in add-on to the quality and figure of surfing beaches, rivers, national Parkss, and the fashionable sub-tropical coastal finish. The increasing tenancy rate in the past six old ages for all types of adjustment coupled with fast entree to the island has vastly created an increased demand for the commercial adjustment every bit good as touristry merchandises and installations. However, this tourer finish point has legion failings including atomization of the conveyance services which emerge due to deficiency in incorporate conveyance webs ; deficiency of diversenesss in the proviso of adjustment options like the high terminal and low terminal adjustment options, and hapless signage ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010b ) . The eminent higher proportions of unoccupied private homes, deficiency of critical mass touristry attractive forces besides the closing of most tourist attractive force centres over the last old ages has significantly contributed to the overall failing of the Sunshine Coast touristry. Conversely, there are looming chances such as the placement of Sunshine Coast Tourism as a planetary caput in sustainable touristry ; the strong natural attractive forces which lend themselves to the merchandise development chances that consists of the experience based nature activities and attractive forces ; chances to put in the saving and protection of the natural attractive forces alongside the emanating chances to develop more conferences, events and run intoing locales that encompass possible cultural precincts. More touristry chances besides arise from the development of an mixture of adjustment options to accommodate and run into the single mark markets needs, and constructing up farther rhythm touristry substructure within the part to supply the linking webs like the rhythm waies, trails, trip terminal installations, and motorcycle lanes which link the activities centres to the tourers attractive force parts ( Tourism Research Australia, 2010 ) The high population growing rate coupled with possible environmental debasement seems to be some of emerging menaces that Sunshine Coast Tourism faces. However, this coastal touristry part besides lacks quality merchandises to adequately back up the beach and coastal lifestyle image. The lost impulse to develop committednesss on bettering the conveyance substructure and the competition from market challengers such as Gold Coast and assorted other rivals every bit turn out to be feasible beginnings of market and operational menaces for Sunshine Coast Tourism. Market cleavage and laterality Since Australia s local touristry industries are non of equal size, the figure of visitants, touristry outgo and end products tend to change significantly from one part to the other. However, in the full Queensland part, the Gold Coast is apparently one of the Australia s most lively touristry finishs. For case, in the financial 2010, the international and domestic touristry outgo totaled to $ 4.528 billion which could be slatted into $ 2.1 billion and $ 2.428 billion severally. In footings of economic importance, Gold Coast Tourism had a evaluation of 6.4 % when compared 6.7 % accorded to the Sunshine Coast Tourism ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009a ) . Further, the entire touristry outgo for Sunshine Coast was $ 2.458 billion despite holding a higher market evaluation in footings of economic importance of touristry in Queensland part. The entire end product for both of these coastal touristry finishs besides differed in the fiscal twelvemonth 2010 based on the fact that the sum recorded by Gold Coast Tourism about doubled that which was recorded by Sunshine Coast Tourism. In the financial 2010, Gold seashore had a basic monetary value entire end product equivalent to $ 51.870 billion whereas Sunshine Coast Tourism had $ 27.056 billion. Therefore, in footings of regional importance, Sunshine Coast is ranked figure 16, one point above the Gold Coast which is placed figure 18 whereas the outgo and end product evaluation saw Gold Coast Tourism ranked foremost in Queensland part. Furthermore, based on the domestic regional comparing for the twelvemonth ended December 2010, the entire figure of visitants in the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast were 3,396,000 and 2,604,000 severally. This gave rise to an one-year alteration in the figure of visitants of 6 % and -3 % for Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast in that fiscal twelvemon th ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009b ) . The vacation per centum for these touristry finishs were equal at 59 % while some discrepancies were witnessed in their concern projects whereby, Gold Coast had a concern advantage per centum of 9 % as compared to 6 % reported by Sunshine Coast. The figure of darks spent by the visitants besides significantly varied across this financial period where Gold Coast had a sum of 13,755,000 darks which brought about 1 % one-year alteration and -0.1nights change in comparing to Sunshine Coast 2010 one-year record of 10,186,000 darks which resulted into -12 % one-year alterations coupled with -0.4 darks alteration ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010c ) . Further differences were noticed in the degrees of length of stay and vacation trial per centums in which Gold Coast reported 4.1 and 59 % by the twelvemonth terminal 2010 whilst Sunshine Coast had 3.9 and 59 % in that order severally. Finally, the domestic regional comparing showed that Gold Coast accounted for 20 % of the entire per ce ntum portion of visitants to the Queensland while Sunshine Coast merely justified 16 % . At the international degrees, Gold Coast had an one-year alteration of 0 % in the figure visitants ; 5 % one-year alteration in the figure of darks and a holiday trial per centum equivalent to 78 % . On the other manus, Sunshine Coast had a 2 % one-year alteration in the figure of visitants ; 3 % one-year alteration in the figure of darks alongside a vacation trial per centum equivalent to 80 % . Nevertheless, in footings of international concern operations, Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast reported concern growing per centums of 5 % and 2 % while at the same realized 40 % and 14 % in the figure visitants per centum portion in Queensland. Annually, the estimated sum grosss for Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast are $ 1.2 billion and 0.9 billion ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010c ) . Recommendations and decisions While coastal touristry is perceived to significantly lend to the Australian economic system, the existent grade of touristry importance tends to change from one part to another. Basically, the degree of importance seems non to wholly depend on size of that peculiar regional touristry industry as has been witnessed in the instance of Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. In footings of the one-year concern operations, Gold Coast Tourism appears to be in the head in every undertaken activity as compared to the Sunshine Coast Tourism but they are all globally recognized touristry finish attractive force points. It is hence recommended that Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast touristry merchandises should avoid being excessively touristy by merely offering breaker and Sun experiences but the purpose should be to offer nature based experiences like rain forests, wildlife and beach experiences amidst leting for chances to run into the local characters, connect with the local communities every bit good as experience local cordial receptions.

Excuse me!

Excuse me! Excuse me! Excuse me! By Maeve Maddox Brad K brings up some interesting questions about three words used in a variety of ways: So, what is the choice, between Excuse me and Pardon me? I am looking for an alternative to a phrase I keep misusing, Im sorry, but . . .. Â  The part that bothers me is that I use this phrase even when I have been offended and am not sorry about interrupting or contradicting . . er .. someone. excuse (verb) early 13c., to clear (someone) from blame, from O.Fr. escuser, from L. excusare release from a charge, from ex- out, away + causa accusation, legal action NOTE: the s in the verb excuse is pronounced with the /z/ sound [Ä ­k-skyÃ… «z]. The s in the noun excuse is pronounced with the /s/ sound [(Ä ­k-skyÃ… «s]. pardon (verb) to refrain from exacting due punishment from someone sorry (adjective) Pained at heart; distressed, sad; full of grief or sorrow. All three terms are used with various meanings in different contexts, but in polite conversation they have the weakened sense of expressing a courteous apology for some minor social offense. Excuse me and pardon me are uttered for offenses that range from jostling someone to belching. They are also used when addressing a stranger, or when one hasnt understood something and wants it repeated. Im sorry can express mere sympathy or apology. Like the other two expressions, it can also be used to introduce a contradiction: Im sorry, but I cant agree that cats dont show affection. Ive recently developed an aversion to the use of Excuse me! spoken belligerently in the sense of How dare you say what you just said? A character in a TV drama I was watching the other night said the expression numerous times in response to remarks that he found insulting. It quickly became tiresome. The Online Etymology Dictionary offers this information about the three words: Excuse me: use as a mild apology or statement of polite disagreement is from c.1600 Pardon: weaker sense of excuse for a minor fault is attested from 1540s. Sorry: Apologetic sense (short for Im sorry) is attested from 1834; phrase sorry about that popularized 1960s by U.S. TV show Get Smart. The overuse of Im sorry as a form of self-effacement is not a good thing. But, like the dear in Dear Sir, these words dont have to signify an emotional or truthful engagement with the person addressed. They are lubrication words like please and thank youpolite words that grease the wheels of social interaction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhen to Spell Out Numbers

E. Coli Bacteria Engineered to Eat Switchgrass and Make Transportation Research Paper

E. Coli Bacteria Engineered to Eat Switchgrass and Make Transportation Fuels - Research Paper Example Q2.Why did the scientists conduct the study? This study was driven by the fact that these compounds are dangerous in nature and therefore, extremely risky to both man and other animals. Due this reason, the need arose to come up with a mechanism which can help in the breakdown of this compound will be very useful. Successful identification of proteins that can break down these molecules mean a positive progress towards finding a solution to this problem which have persisted for several years now (Chen, 2011). From this point, it will be very easy for researchers to develop special bacteria in the laboratory which can destroy this compound and render them harmless. Being that phosphonic acid is very stable would mean that these compounds cannot be broken down with ease. It is surprising that bacteria can break down these bonds with ease in other linked or related molecules. It is worth noting that simple sugars in corn grain, the cellulose and hemicelluloses in plant biomass are diffi cult to take out because the tough, woody material known as lignin around them. After extraction, it is, therefore necessary that the complex sugars get hydrolyzed into simpler sugar molecules and finally synthesized into fuels (Chen, 2011). Q3.How the study was done? The study involved pre-treating switchgrass biomass in ionic liquid with engineered E.coli. The significance of this pretreatment is to make the biomass readily digestible by the bacteria. The study started by, identification of complex proteins which are capable of digesting or breaking up of the key bonds. An estimate found out that exceeding numbers of phosphonic acids get released into the environment each year especially in the western countries. Being that it cannot be broken down with ease would mean that most of it will end up as pollutant to the underground water. This has resulted into concern of this contamination to the human health and aquatic ecosystem which will impact on the water dependent lives (Chen, 2011). Q4.What did the study find? Following this revelation, researcher at the U.S department of Energy (DOE) have come up with the first strains of bacteria E.coli that can breakdown switchgrass and synthesize its sugar component into all the important transportation fuels i.e. gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. This study is considered a milestone as the thriving fuel crisis can be combated through its realization. In addition, this kind of fuel is regarded clean, green and renewable. The process of making this kind of fuel is very easy as there is no enzyme additives needed in order for the bacteria to synthesize these compound to produce the fuel. The study found out that most demanding part of bio-fuel production is the addition of enzymes. This challenge is eliminated through this type of bio-fuel production. The essence of this addition is to depolymerize cellulose and hemicelluloses sugars which are fermented into sugar with a final yield of fuels. It is evident that the thre e advance bio-fuels can be synthesized from ionic liquid treated switchgrass using laboratory engineered E.coli