Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development

Introduction The long-term vision that encourages young people to participate in sports led to the winning of the right to host 2012 Olympic Games. The evaluation framework that established the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) provides the guidance and creates a structure that assesses the range of impacts related to the preparation, delivery and the legacy of the games.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adams Parmenter (2005) noted that this framework has been developed through extensive consultations in the last few years. This is by reviewing the then available strategies used and planning for the issues that were not achieved. This framework is to be adopted by all the organizations and the leading bodies in order to prepare for the effective delivery. Organisations will be encouraged to adopt the structures and used the framework for relevant evaluations. This study evaluates the importance of having a sustainable development strategy. It also evaluates the challenges faced by the ODA in ensuring delivery of employment and business objectives to creating new employment and business opportunities locally, regionally and nationally. Literature review Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) ensures the delivery of the Olympic park, other venues and infrastructure in preparation for the 2012 Games. These should be within the prescribed time in order to comply with the agreed upon budget. Airola Steven (2000) shows the authority works in ensuring the achievement of a sustainable development and provision of value for funds used. It also leaves a lasting social, environmental and economic legacy for east London. In planning for public expenditure and policy, the activities and investments related to the 2012 Olympic Games and its legacy have to undergo a critical evaluation process. Evaluations form an import ant component in the public scrutiny, thus used as a tool for developing and designing systems of delivery. The ODA’s mission includes delivering venues, facilities, transport and infrastructure in time. In addition, it ensures maximization of sustainable delivery while accomplishing this within the desired budget. ODA works with other partners such as CLM in managing design, construction and procurement of necessary facilities.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The funding needed come from grants given by the National Lottery, the London Development Agency, Media and Sport and Department for Culture (Barton 2004). According to London Assembly Environment Committee (2010), ODA’s evaluations provide a suitable content to different audiences including the public, the media fraternity, politicians and academic learners. Setting up a sustainable development strategy improves the policy knowledge through the assessment of the policy outcomes and linking them to their respective activities and resources. Balfousia-Savva et al (2003) noted that this strategy considers the effective and efficient policy development. Therefore, it enables organizations and stakeholders to gain a better understanding of designing and delivering policies in the future. The framework ensures an opportunity to develop and evaluate various methodologies used in measuring and monitoring outcomes. It is important for the development of new techniques to enable the evaluators to learn and practice various techniques and practices (Adams and Parmenter, 1995). The 2012 Games have impacts on specific social groups such as BME communities, young people, women and the disabled. Mark (2003, pp. 6-9) explains that some projects will also affect the entire population, for example, there will be increased economic development in the region within which the activities shall be held. Some specific sections of the population will benefit from the activities for instance, the disadvantaged groups will access employment opportunities while the neighbouring communities of East London will benefit from physical activity programs. ODA’s objectives for sustainable development include minimizing carbon emissions arising from the Olympic Park, optimizing opportunities for efficient use, reuse, and recycling of water. The other objectives include the identification of socially responsible materials and the need to protect biodiversity and ecology. Community support is as important as the provision of transport and health services to the participants of the ongoing activities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Barton (2004, pp. 18-25) the pre-games impacts include construction phase, increased costs and visitor impact in the run up of the games. The impact caused during the games include those related to the revenues for example from the staging the games, the impact caused by visitors, and the cost incurred in staging the games. The post-games impact includes the effects on the legacy, which involves an improved profile of the city, hence attracting more visitors. The lasting legacy of the games shall remain the development and improvement of the infrastructure, which shall provide value for several years to come. Methodology Information from the above study on Olympic Delivery Authority was collected through the surveying method. Individuals from east London were asked to give their views on the benefits that would come with the hosting of the Olympic Games to London and how it would influence the economy locally, regionally and nationally. Various people gave their views on the availability of new business opportunities as well as the creation of new employment opportu nities. Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of a large population, hence remains the best method that provides the general measure of the facets under review. Findings, Analysis and discussion PESTEL Analysis Political forces ODA is committed to achieve five major objectives of the 2012 games, including the establishment of UK as one of the leading sports destinations in the world, changing the heart of East London, inspiring young people to be involved in volunteering their participation in cultural and physical activities in order to better their lives. It will also include making the Olympic park as a blueprint showing sustainable living. Finally, it shall demonstrate the creativity of UK through design of infrastructure necessary for facilitating the activities of the Olympic activities. Pezzey Toman (2002) have noted that political influence has caused the relocation of the people to create space for the development of requisite structures. This has resulted i n the emergence of social unrest. The unstable political influence has also contributed to fear of terror attack.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The analysis estimate the about 200 million has been spend on ensuring the safety of the populations who shall be present during the Olympic activities. Social organizations have claimed that the Olympics cause economic recession, for example, what was experienced in the 2000 Olympic in Sydney. The human rights group in London has raised concerns about the displacement of people from the villages in which they have lived for over a century. Therefore, the human rights agencies advocate for the establishment of mechanism aimed at safeguarding the rights of the participants as well s the observers of the games while challenging governments to take legal liability for damages and losses arising due to insecurity. Smith Rees (2008) illustrates that other political forces influencing the 2012 Olympics shall include the international attacks. For instance, those streaming in from Iran and threatening to boycott over the controversies of the logo are likely to cause chaos during this mome nt. The analysis of tourism industry projects improvements in the sector with a rise from 50% to 70%in growth due to influence of the games. Economic forces The economic impact of the Olympic Games is much contributed by the effects caused by visitors through their expenditures in the host country. A country also benefits from developments for example in infrastructure investments in areas that had been deprived. The country also benefits from the long- term legacy and increased exposure to the international media. This brings about more tourists in the future before and after the games. Once these economic effects are combined, they form a complex effect that cannot be determined only by the financial performance of the organizers or the additional revenues that the country gets for hosting the Games. To conduct the economic impact of the Olympic Games, there are some factors that have to be considered for example the effect the Games will cause on spending for example by organizat ions and individuals as well. These may include the amount spent on infrastructure in the pre-games period and the spending in the period of the games. Individuals mostly spend on transport, accommodation, food and entertainment. These people include spectators, athletes, officials and media representatives from all over the world. Although some of these groups of people are provided with most of these expenses there is a difference between residents spending and nonresident spending. The other factor to consider is that expenditure should be categorized according to products spent on for example in goods and services. A model must also be used to show how this spending is translated to a country’s income and increased employment opportunity. The input-output model has been used for the past years in translating the effects of spending. Peter et al. (2008, pp. 7-9) these have been able to show the effects caused. According to the Price Waterhouse Coopers, the GDP is estimated to contribute about 3.7 billion Euros. The GDP will be measured using the expenditure approach which shows the total demand expenditure minus the imports. Barton (18-25) shows more than 50,000 jobs have been created over the last 3 years of preparation for the Games and especially to the young people in the minority community. The plan for the 2012 Olympic Games is estimated to cover 30 years after the Games. The other economic impact of the 2012 Games is improved housing for example 40,000 houses are to be built in order to cater for the tourists visiting the country during and after the Games. This has a major impact upon the human resourcing strategy in that supply chain management is to be improved and about 75000 businesses have been contacted to supply goods and services to the UK during and after the Olympics. The other impact is that 42 percent of migrant workers are working in the country for that period in various sectors such as in health and hospitality industry. Transp ortation will improve since massive roads have been constructed including railway and more airstrips have been developed. Social forces The atmosphere of Bedford will be festive within the local community therefore providing a good climate for all. Individuals will also be encouraged to take up preventive measures for them to stay healthy during the period and to improve their well being. People involved in the British sport are hopeful of 2012 legacy, for example in the increased commitment to sport in the UK. For example, special programs for the disabled; Autism Awareness Campaign in UK is confident that more people will be encouraged to take up sports regardless of their status. Barton (2004) describes that the Olympic Village Polyclinic will also be transformed into a learning center for the community around East London. There will also be improved infrastructure for example nursery, primary, secondary and creative industries will emerge therefore improving the living standards of most individuals therefore impacting on the ODA’s human resourcing strategy. Cultural effects were not a significant part that influences the Olympic Games but still it should not be ignored. The government has recommended doing more in publicizing and coordinating culture. This will be achieved by drawing ideas together and sharing best practices to increase awareness of practical cultural activities. Young people will be given an opportunity to experience and participate in various cultural activities. Some of the elements that will be used in the youth culture will be to stag along waterways, bridges and streets. Exhibitions of world art and artifacts will be set up in London museums to display the culture of the communities living there. Technological forces Technology has been improved for example in the development of the modernized stadium and the water part. The world media have also improved technology in the country since it will be using live broadcasting techn ology. Transport technology has also been utilized in building massive roads and railways. The security technology is also present for example the use of CCTV and the scanning devices installed in every entry of the stadium. Improved technology will also be provided for example in giving tickets, scanning ID cards and biometric scanning. Environmental forces The environmental impact caused by the 2012 Olympic Games includes concern over protecting and restoring a favorable place for everyone. This involves recognizing the link between social and economic goals. The environmental sustainability programs have been set up to eliminate pollution around the Bedford community. The ecosystem has been preserved, for example, through the provision of livable climate and water cycling to avoid suffocation. The soil formation has also been improved as well as the natural landscapes that attract tourists. A mega event such as the 2012 Olympic Games ordinarily will produce carbon emissions for e xample from the presence of many vehicles and from the processing industries. Large carbon emissions should therefore be provided to reduce these emissions. Renewable energy should therefore be provided to reduce carbon emissions from the Olympic park. Legal forces The mega event has also to consider some legal factors for example, the brand licensing should be maintained, which is Bedford 2012. Legal procedures should also be followed while selling sponsorships, for example, to the stakeholders like world TV, online services and print media. The intellectual property rights are to be maintained by the use of Bedford 2012 logo and ODA’s strategies ensures this is achieved. Organisations that will want to temporarily open showrooms and showcasing items in the park should have a selling right. SWOT Analysis Strengths ODA’s strengths include having a sustainable development strategy that ensures delivery, value for money and the provision of a lasting economic, social and environmental legacy. The major strength includes the presence of strong human resource management that ensures effective and trained employees work on the infrastructure development. Wallace (2005) explains that this ensures that the value for money is attained as well as the time and budget set is maintained. This has a major impact on the human resourcing strategy as they have to include individuals who are ready to achieve maximum goals set up by the authority. Weaknesses The factors that could affect the success of the Olympics include doping controversies for example use of performance enhancing drugs by athletes. The organizers should ensure that all the athletes have been tested to avoid positive athletes for example is it was in the Athens 2004 where many participants had been tested positive. Terror attacks in the country could also affect the success of the event as it was in Munich 1972. It is therefore important for the people responsible for security to ensure that th is is effectively maintained. Critics received from many Londoners could also affect the success of the planned costs of Olympics for example citizen have been forced to pay an increase of 20 Euro per year in terms of council tax. Barton (2004) describes that there are also concerns that unions will strike near of during the Games advocating for bonuses. Opportunities Business opportunities are created for example in the construction phase and this will be provided to the communities surrounding the Olympic Park. This impacts ODA’s human resourcing strategy through the implementation of plans in respect of skills and business opportunities, workforce and supply chain management. Stivers (1999) shows more opportunities will also be created from other parks such as Olympic Village Development and Stratford City. This will cause an impact on local businesses as well as regional. Employees should therefore be well managed to build venues that offer fair opportunities for all, and that they build according to the planned time and budget. The human resource management should also ensure fair and transparent deliveries in terms of procurement of goods and services. Threats The construction deadlines might not be met. The success of the proceedings has not been welcomed for example by individuals outside London who feel that the event will divert international funding therefore posing difficult in funding from the rest of the UK citizens. Blake (2005) states that the local businesses that have been working in some areas for over 100 years have been displaced are concerned about where to find new sites for their business. The event has received less government support unlike the Manchester one and there are concerns that transport cost might be high which will out price tourists leaving many businesses and events unattended to resulting to losses. Recommendations The above study evaluates the economic importance of the sustainable development and its impact to t he host country, its value and the benefits achieved in hosting these games. These evaluations need to be known as they are used in the early stages of the Olympic bidding process. The organizers should also be aware of the scale of the economic benefits brought about by hosting the Olympic Games. Adams (2006) argues that these aspects allow developed promotions in the local context and it also brings about significant benefits to the local economy. The organizing committee is also provided with necessary information on the scale of benefits to have a critical understanding of the cost of bidding. The higher costs of these Games and higher expectations of quality venues justify these costs and have therefore been used to increase a country’s revenue and the economic impact. Displacements have remained common in a host of countries and problems of pricing, overcrowding and safety. Barbier (2007) puts it that the impact of the displacements however, yields economic and tourism legacy benefits, which outweighs the short-term losses of the displaced which are estimated to be 375 and 258 million for London and UK respectively. Tourism gains are estimated to be about 2.4 billion Euros for UK and about 1.9 billion for London (House of Commons 2007). Conclusion The planning and preparations made by ODA have generated significant activities and necessary information. To achieve legacy impacts, economics and infrastructure impacts, the organizing committee should be capable of demonstrating an understanding the long- term impacts on peoples, community, the economy and the environment. Currently, there are many organizations undertaking significant work of leading up to the success of the 2012 Games. The set goals and objectives have already generated a large amount of data necessary for the assessment of the overall impacts caused to various organizations. Sensitivity analysis has shown that the overall impact of the Olympic is likely to give positive change in v arious aspects such as in increased GDP though there are larger risks estimated to occur during and after the Games because of high levels of uncertainty about the legacy effect. ODA’s sustainable development objectives provide a means for managing and developing both the existing and the new information in a more structured and comprehensive manner. References Adams, P., Parmenter, B., 2005. ‘An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis of the Economic Effects of Tourism in a Quite Small.’ Applied Economics, vol. 27, pp. 985-994. Adams, W., 2006. ‘The future of sustainability: Re-thinking environment and development in the Twenty-first Century.’ Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, pp. 29-31. Airola, J Steven, C., 2000. The projected economic impact on Houston hosting the 2012 summer Olympic Games. Houston: Department of Economics, University of Houston. Balfousia-Savva, S., Athanassiou, L., Milonas, A., 2003. The economic effect of the Athen s Olympic Games. Athens: Kasimati. Barbier, E 2007, Natural Resources and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barton, L., 2004. ‘The economic impact of the Olympic Games’. Coopers European Economic Outlook, pp. 18-25. Blake, A., 2005. The economic impact of the London 2012 Olympics. Nottingham: Christel DeHaan, Tourism and Travel Research Institute, Nottingham University Business School. House of Commons. Culture, Media and Sport Committee. 2007. ‘London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympics Games: Funding and Legacy.’ Second Report of Session 2006–07 vol. 1. Web. London Assembly Environment Committee 2010, The Environmental Sustainability of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games. Web. Mark, J 2003, ‘Sustainability – Architecture: Between Fuzzy Systems and Wicked Problems.’ Blueprints, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 6–9. Peter, R. K., John, B., 2008. ‘Sustainability: Science, practice, policy.â₠¬â„¢ An Introduction to Sustainable Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 7-9. Pezzey, J Toman, M., 2002. ‘The economics of sustainability.’ A Review of Journal Articles, pp. 1-36. Smith, C Rees, G 2008, Economic Development, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Stivers, R 1999, The sustainable society: Ethics and economic growth. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Wallace, B 2005, Becoming part of the solution: The engineer’s guide to sustainable development. Washington, DC: American Council of Engineering Companies. This report on Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) sustainable development was written and submitted by user Abigail Dixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay Example

Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay Example Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay Analysis Of Gold Coast Tourism And Sunshine Coast Tourism Essay The rapid growing of touristry industries over the last few decennaries has seen the outgrowth of new tourer attractive force finishs and this has had rather a figure of important importances in assorted parts. For case, in Australia, there are assorted touristry attractive force finishs which have in the yesteryear spearheaded the economic growing of this state in the sense that they offer employment chances, pull foreign investing, consequence into the saving of the natural environment, and let communities to bask the use of their regional natural resources and conserve their heritage. However, there are discrepancies in the degrees of economic importance as is evident with Gold Coast Tourism and Sunshine Tourism which are both found in Queensland part. A comparing between these tourers attractive force finishs revealed that Gold Coast attracts legion visitants which make it to incur many disbursals as compared to Sunshine Coast. All the same, Sunshine Coast Tourism has gained a higher degree of economic importance in the Australian part as compared to the Gold Coast touristry. This study intends to offer a comparative analysis of these two Australian touristry industries and offer recommendations that would spearhead touristry growing in Queensland part. Comparative Analysis of Gold Coast Tourism and Sunshine Coast Tourism Introduction Tourism plays a really important function in the economic system of Australia where it contributed approximately 2.6 % to the Australian gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) and 4.5 % to the employment of this state in the financial 2009-2010. With approximately 46 % of the touristry outgo in Australia being spent in assorted regional countries, coastal touristry is deemed to be of considerable significance to Australia s many regional communities. Therefore, to set up the grade of touristry importance in Queensland, this study intends to gauge the economic importance of Gold Coast Tourism and Sunshine Coast Tourism across the Australia s touristry parts. The study will: Compare the value of each of these touristry industries to the local economic system, and Rank each of them with regard to their comparative importance to the local economic systems Composition of Australia s touristry parts Basically, Australia has eighty four touristry parts and each touristry part comprises of rather a figure of SLA ( statistical local countries ) as the Australian Bureau of Statistics defines in audience with district and province touristry organisations. Despite the handiness of assorted other touristry parts, this study yearns to carry on a comparative analysis between two of the Queensland Australia s touristry parts viz. the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. Queensland regional touristry industries seem non to be of equal size, touristry outgo, end product or even visitants Numberss ( Pambudi, 2009 ) . In fact, all these comparative factors can greatly change from a given part to another as will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions. Gold Coast Tourism Gold Coast has traditionally been celebrated by the vacation shapers because of its arresting natural environment and assorted semisynthetic attractive forces. The Gold Coast leisure assets presently seem to be the cardinal market drivers in the capital popularity with many corporate delegates seeking multidimensional concern event experiences. The impressive modern event and convention installations are simply the starting point for the Australia s Gold Coast. The professional and infrastructural support services in this tourers part are comparable to the other metropoliss in the universe. However, Gold Coast is regarded exceeding when the overall touristry experience is perceived ( Page A ; Connell, 2006 ) . For case, this touristry attractive force Centre offers concern integrating pristine coastline equivalent to 70 kilometres, 100,000 hectares of universally listed heritage rain forest ; more theme Parks when compared to anyplace in the southern hemisphere ; immense balls of pr ivate islands, over 600 coffeehouses and eating houses ; 800 adjustment locales every bit good as canals of about 500 kilometres, which are all found within 40 proceedingss drive from each other. In kernel, the dichotomy of the high tourer attractive forces and substructure which cater for both meeting and leisure sections have made Gold Coast to be considered as one of the most coveted Asia Pacific s resort finishs. Gold Coast Tourism towns and merchandises Gold Coast is unusually known for its wide beach, Burleigh Heads, Coolangatta, Main Beach, Southport, and Surfers Paradise. Basically, the wide beach offers rather of eating houses, coffeehouse and big shopping promenades. The wide beach besides has a beautiful flaxen beach that is backed by attractive Kurrawa Park which is well perfect for everybody. In fact, there are parklands and tracts where tourers can loosen up and roll every bit good as an low-cost kids s park coupled with digesting moving ridges for the surfboarding partisans ( Jones A ; Phillips, 2011 ) . More frequently, there are unrecorded amusements within the Parkss along with appealing art and trade markets where books, apparels, knickknack, trades, jewelry, and gifts are sold. However, cardinal to the Gold Coast Tourism success in the past old ages has been the sing friends and relations alongside the concern markets. Furthermore, holiday trial is deemed to stay the most dominant beginning for the parts domestic visitants. Over the last old ages, the vacation trials has significantly remained to be the predominating beginning of domestic tourer or visitants for the Queensland part with the degree of trial marginally increasing ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010a ) . Truly, touristry serves as the cardinal anchor to the Gold Coast City s life style, community, and economic system. From golf classs and international resorts to theme Parkss, this metropolis has attracted many touristry enterprisers worldwide to come and capitalise on the Australia s prima excitement ventures and sunny-days touristry finishs. Gold Coast Competitive Advantage and SWOT analysis The resort and hotel skyline of this celebrated breaker metropolis is really iconic. There exist adjustment which cater for all budgets get downing from mountain retreats and luxury resorts to bivouacing land and backpacker adjustment. Gold Coast huge touristry substructures are underpinned by matchless arrays of built and natural attractive forces. The pristine rain forest parts serve as the place to the wellness retreats, mountain trails, art galleries, trade stores and wine makers which await visitants seeking for a peaceable green agitate off from the metropolis s universe celebrated beaches normally found at the Gold Coast. This metropolis s touristry industry is widely supported by dedicated programmed events which exposes the touristry operators to ample concern chances. The events include blues on broadbeach, gustatory sensations of the Gold Coast, Gold Coast endurance contest, and the New Year eve jubilations ( Page A ; Connell, 2006 ) . Furthermore, Gold Coast is besides s een as a stylish finish for the concern tourers who recognize this coastal metropolis as a vibrant, safe, and friendly topographic point to partake in meetings and conferences. Harmonizing to Lee and Spisto ( 2001 ) , the strength of this touristry attractive force centre besides rely on the strategic location which allow it to use the metropolis s two comparative international airdromes that permits visitants entree into the metropolis via the Brisbane airdrome and Gold Coast airdrome. In fact, the Brisbane airdrome provides the riders a direct connexion to 39 domestic and 26 international finishs. With its diverse leisure and concern merchandises offerings, Gold Coast frequently attracts international and Australian visitants twelvemonth unit of ammunition thereby contradicting the seasonal troughs and extremums traditionally experienced by the seaside locations. The entrepreneurial investings civilization in this metropolis, sub tropical clime, community support for ideal touristry development together with the profile and size of the touristry industry set the Gold Coast Tourism to be in a less competitory operating environment. However, Gold Coast touristry is faced with failings such the deficit of cultural touristry experiences and merchandises ; over trust on all right conditions status experiences ; much concentration on the development of adjustment substructure every bit good as the misperception of the Gold Coast City as being excessively touristed, surfboarders Eden and merely belongs to surf and sun. Despite holding failings, there are legion chances in Gold Coast touristry ( Tourism Research Australia, 2010 ) . These include advanced and new touristry icons and merchandises ; nature based touristry in Gold Coast metropolis coastal and Hinterland parts ; niche market development ; advanced retail experiences ; stressing the links between Gold seashore life style and beach civilization every bit good as turning the international air services and leisure focused air hoses. Regardless of the robust domestic market, Gold Coast Tourism is threatened by the high volume and low output markets which consequences from urban conurbation, population growing and loss of the valued major events. There is every bit the absence of crisis and catastrophe direction touristry programs ; deficiency of inventive, universe category touristry substructure and merchandises ; safety and offense jobs alongside the planetary market competition in relation to the other touristry finishs both in abroad and in Australia ( Commonwealth of Australia, 2010 ) . The environmental debasement ensuing from the failure to efficaciously pull off the Gold Coast assets transporting capacity, besides posses important menaces to the available tourers attractive force finish. Sunshine Coast Tourism Merely as the name suggests, in Sunshine Coast, there are scintillating Waterss, elating positions, warm conditions and seductive sundowns which merely wait to welcome the tourers from Coolum, Noosa, and Caloundra along the coastal line to the enrapturing Montville, Mapleton, Mary Valley and Maleny all which are found on the backwoods. With some of the globally best beaches in add-on to the picturesque backwoods which is merely a few proceedingss off, this touristry attractive force finish offers of course reviewing sites that friends and households would likely long to see and bask. For illustration, being located about 100 kilometres north of Brisbane ; Sunshine Coast incorporates assorted beach side towns which extend to the Glass Mountains. Furthermore, this tourer attractive force finish offers a huge assortment of leisure and touristry merchandises which range from waterways and coastal beaches to national Parkss, quality eating houses, universe category resorts, scenic backwoo ds countries, and assorted other good reinforced tourers attractive forces. Sunshine Coast is found within the easy range of Brisbane which can be accessed through route or rail via the Bruce Highway ( Buckley, 2011 ) . Actually, the part supports the domestic airdrome at Maroochydore while Sunshine Coast airdrome hails the direct flights from Melbourne and Sydney. Sunshine Coast Competitive Advantage and SWOT analysis Sunshine Coast part is deemed to be amongst the quickly turning parts found in South East Queensland. This coastal part faces multifaceted challenges in serving the hereafter visitants and occupants demands peculiarly with respect to the basic substructure services and conveyance. Despite the fact that touristry is seen to be the largest current subscriber to the gross regional merchandise by about 16.4 % in Sunshine Coast part, investing in touristry related substructure alongside touristry merchandises has non been to the full utilised to run into the regional visitants future demands. However, in Australia, Sunshine Coastal part has a quickly spread outing touristry industry and population base which ideally provides domestic market for the offered touristry merchandises. This tourists part surfaced over the last few old ages from a really prevailing rural community to a immensely developed and urbanised part. All these occurred due to coastal countries increasing development which paved manner to the turning touristry industry. Furthermore, Sunshine Coast touristry is a celebrated leader in presenting diverse touristry experiences in a stylish, natural and friendly environment where the visitants can reconnect, loosen up and re-energize. The Sunshine Coast touristry attractive force finish has farther been recognized both globally and domestically for its sustainable development and direction of the assorted natural attractive forces and assets along with its moneymaking touristry ventures ( Jones A ; Phillips, 2011 ) . Finally, the effectual planning and policy coordination ; strong community support ; an incorporate cohesive industry and the consumer service civilization of the Sunshine Coast touristry has enabled this industry to present the visi ons long embraced by most touristry industries, and these organize the footing for its competitory advantage. Although Sunshine Coast Tourism offers beautiful touristry finish attractive forces and chances to all parties, the industry every bit has failings and menaces that revolve around its day-to-day operations. Basically, the strengths of this touristry appealing finish is seen in the series of proffered cultural activities such as the museums, historical topographic points, galleries in add-on to the quality and figure of surfing beaches, rivers, national Parkss, and the fashionable sub-tropical coastal finish. The increasing tenancy rate in the past six old ages for all types of adjustment coupled with fast entree to the island has vastly created an increased demand for the commercial adjustment every bit good as touristry merchandises and installations. However, this tourer finish point has legion failings including atomization of the conveyance services which emerge due to deficiency in incorporate conveyance webs ; deficiency of diversenesss in the proviso of adjustment options like the high terminal and low terminal adjustment options, and hapless signage ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010b ) . The eminent higher proportions of unoccupied private homes, deficiency of critical mass touristry attractive forces besides the closing of most tourist attractive force centres over the last old ages has significantly contributed to the overall failing of the Sunshine Coast touristry. Conversely, there are looming chances such as the placement of Sunshine Coast Tourism as a planetary caput in sustainable touristry ; the strong natural attractive forces which lend themselves to the merchandise development chances that consists of the experience based nature activities and attractive forces ; chances to put in the saving and protection of the natural attractive forces alongside the emanating chances to develop more conferences, events and run intoing locales that encompass possible cultural precincts. More touristry chances besides arise from the development of an mixture of adjustment options to accommodate and run into the single mark markets needs, and constructing up farther rhythm touristry substructure within the part to supply the linking webs like the rhythm waies, trails, trip terminal installations, and motorcycle lanes which link the activities centres to the tourers attractive force parts ( Tourism Research Australia, 2010 ) The high population growing rate coupled with possible environmental debasement seems to be some of emerging menaces that Sunshine Coast Tourism faces. However, this coastal touristry part besides lacks quality merchandises to adequately back up the beach and coastal lifestyle image. The lost impulse to develop committednesss on bettering the conveyance substructure and the competition from market challengers such as Gold Coast and assorted other rivals every bit turn out to be feasible beginnings of market and operational menaces for Sunshine Coast Tourism. Market cleavage and laterality Since Australia s local touristry industries are non of equal size, the figure of visitants, touristry outgo and end products tend to change significantly from one part to the other. However, in the full Queensland part, the Gold Coast is apparently one of the Australia s most lively touristry finishs. For case, in the financial 2010, the international and domestic touristry outgo totaled to $ 4.528 billion which could be slatted into $ 2.1 billion and $ 2.428 billion severally. In footings of economic importance, Gold Coast Tourism had a evaluation of 6.4 % when compared 6.7 % accorded to the Sunshine Coast Tourism ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009a ) . Further, the entire touristry outgo for Sunshine Coast was $ 2.458 billion despite holding a higher market evaluation in footings of economic importance of touristry in Queensland part. The entire end product for both of these coastal touristry finishs besides differed in the fiscal twelvemonth 2010 based on the fact that the sum recorded by Gold Coast Tourism about doubled that which was recorded by Sunshine Coast Tourism. In the financial 2010, Gold seashore had a basic monetary value entire end product equivalent to $ 51.870 billion whereas Sunshine Coast Tourism had $ 27.056 billion. Therefore, in footings of regional importance, Sunshine Coast is ranked figure 16, one point above the Gold Coast which is placed figure 18 whereas the outgo and end product evaluation saw Gold Coast Tourism ranked foremost in Queensland part. Furthermore, based on the domestic regional comparing for the twelvemonth ended December 2010, the entire figure of visitants in the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast were 3,396,000 and 2,604,000 severally. This gave rise to an one-year alteration in the figure of visitants of 6 % and -3 % for Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast in that fiscal twelvemon th ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009b ) . The vacation per centum for these touristry finishs were equal at 59 % while some discrepancies were witnessed in their concern projects whereby, Gold Coast had a concern advantage per centum of 9 % as compared to 6 % reported by Sunshine Coast. The figure of darks spent by the visitants besides significantly varied across this financial period where Gold Coast had a sum of 13,755,000 darks which brought about 1 % one-year alteration and -0.1nights change in comparing to Sunshine Coast 2010 one-year record of 10,186,000 darks which resulted into -12 % one-year alterations coupled with -0.4 darks alteration ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010c ) . Further differences were noticed in the degrees of length of stay and vacation trial per centums in which Gold Coast reported 4.1 and 59 % by the twelvemonth terminal 2010 whilst Sunshine Coast had 3.9 and 59 % in that order severally. Finally, the domestic regional comparing showed that Gold Coast accounted for 20 % of the entire per ce ntum portion of visitants to the Queensland while Sunshine Coast merely justified 16 % . At the international degrees, Gold Coast had an one-year alteration of 0 % in the figure visitants ; 5 % one-year alteration in the figure of darks and a holiday trial per centum equivalent to 78 % . On the other manus, Sunshine Coast had a 2 % one-year alteration in the figure of visitants ; 3 % one-year alteration in the figure of darks alongside a vacation trial per centum equivalent to 80 % . Nevertheless, in footings of international concern operations, Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast reported concern growing per centums of 5 % and 2 % while at the same realized 40 % and 14 % in the figure visitants per centum portion in Queensland. Annually, the estimated sum grosss for Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast are $ 1.2 billion and 0.9 billion ( Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010c ) . Recommendations and decisions While coastal touristry is perceived to significantly lend to the Australian economic system, the existent grade of touristry importance tends to change from one part to another. Basically, the degree of importance seems non to wholly depend on size of that peculiar regional touristry industry as has been witnessed in the instance of Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. In footings of the one-year concern operations, Gold Coast Tourism appears to be in the head in every undertaken activity as compared to the Sunshine Coast Tourism but they are all globally recognized touristry finish attractive force points. It is hence recommended that Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast touristry merchandises should avoid being excessively touristy by merely offering breaker and Sun experiences but the purpose should be to offer nature based experiences like rain forests, wildlife and beach experiences amidst leting for chances to run into the local characters, connect with the local communities every bit good as experience local cordial receptions.

Excuse me!

Excuse me! Excuse me! Excuse me! By Maeve Maddox Brad K brings up some interesting questions about three words used in a variety of ways: So, what is the choice, between Excuse me and Pardon me? I am looking for an alternative to a phrase I keep misusing, Im sorry, but . . .. Â  The part that bothers me is that I use this phrase even when I have been offended and am not sorry about interrupting or contradicting . . er .. someone. excuse (verb) early 13c., to clear (someone) from blame, from O.Fr. escuser, from L. excusare release from a charge, from ex- out, away + causa accusation, legal action NOTE: the s in the verb excuse is pronounced with the /z/ sound [Ä ­k-skyÃ… «z]. The s in the noun excuse is pronounced with the /s/ sound [(Ä ­k-skyÃ… «s]. pardon (verb) to refrain from exacting due punishment from someone sorry (adjective) Pained at heart; distressed, sad; full of grief or sorrow. All three terms are used with various meanings in different contexts, but in polite conversation they have the weakened sense of expressing a courteous apology for some minor social offense. Excuse me and pardon me are uttered for offenses that range from jostling someone to belching. They are also used when addressing a stranger, or when one hasnt understood something and wants it repeated. Im sorry can express mere sympathy or apology. Like the other two expressions, it can also be used to introduce a contradiction: Im sorry, but I cant agree that cats dont show affection. Ive recently developed an aversion to the use of Excuse me! spoken belligerently in the sense of How dare you say what you just said? A character in a TV drama I was watching the other night said the expression numerous times in response to remarks that he found insulting. It quickly became tiresome. The Online Etymology Dictionary offers this information about the three words: Excuse me: use as a mild apology or statement of polite disagreement is from c.1600 Pardon: weaker sense of excuse for a minor fault is attested from 1540s. Sorry: Apologetic sense (short for Im sorry) is attested from 1834; phrase sorry about that popularized 1960s by U.S. TV show Get Smart. The overuse of Im sorry as a form of self-effacement is not a good thing. But, like the dear in Dear Sir, these words dont have to signify an emotional or truthful engagement with the person addressed. They are lubrication words like please and thank youpolite words that grease the wheels of social interaction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhen to Spell Out Numbers

E. Coli Bacteria Engineered to Eat Switchgrass and Make Transportation Research Paper

E. Coli Bacteria Engineered to Eat Switchgrass and Make Transportation Fuels - Research Paper Example Q2.Why did the scientists conduct the study? This study was driven by the fact that these compounds are dangerous in nature and therefore, extremely risky to both man and other animals. Due this reason, the need arose to come up with a mechanism which can help in the breakdown of this compound will be very useful. Successful identification of proteins that can break down these molecules mean a positive progress towards finding a solution to this problem which have persisted for several years now (Chen, 2011). From this point, it will be very easy for researchers to develop special bacteria in the laboratory which can destroy this compound and render them harmless. Being that phosphonic acid is very stable would mean that these compounds cannot be broken down with ease. It is surprising that bacteria can break down these bonds with ease in other linked or related molecules. It is worth noting that simple sugars in corn grain, the cellulose and hemicelluloses in plant biomass are diffi cult to take out because the tough, woody material known as lignin around them. After extraction, it is, therefore necessary that the complex sugars get hydrolyzed into simpler sugar molecules and finally synthesized into fuels (Chen, 2011). Q3.How the study was done? The study involved pre-treating switchgrass biomass in ionic liquid with engineered E.coli. The significance of this pretreatment is to make the biomass readily digestible by the bacteria. The study started by, identification of complex proteins which are capable of digesting or breaking up of the key bonds. An estimate found out that exceeding numbers of phosphonic acids get released into the environment each year especially in the western countries. Being that it cannot be broken down with ease would mean that most of it will end up as pollutant to the underground water. This has resulted into concern of this contamination to the human health and aquatic ecosystem which will impact on the water dependent lives (Chen, 2011). Q4.What did the study find? Following this revelation, researcher at the U.S department of Energy (DOE) have come up with the first strains of bacteria E.coli that can breakdown switchgrass and synthesize its sugar component into all the important transportation fuels i.e. gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. This study is considered a milestone as the thriving fuel crisis can be combated through its realization. In addition, this kind of fuel is regarded clean, green and renewable. The process of making this kind of fuel is very easy as there is no enzyme additives needed in order for the bacteria to synthesize these compound to produce the fuel. The study found out that most demanding part of bio-fuel production is the addition of enzymes. This challenge is eliminated through this type of bio-fuel production. The essence of this addition is to depolymerize cellulose and hemicelluloses sugars which are fermented into sugar with a final yield of fuels. It is evident that the thre e advance bio-fuels can be synthesized from ionic liquid treated switchgrass using laboratory engineered E.coli

USPS Hard and Soft Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

USPS Hard and Soft Technology - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is United States Postal Service, commonly abbreviated as USPS, as one of the widely used postal service company in America. USPS is a semi-independent organization functioning under the executive arm of the United States Government. Its headquarters is located in Washington DC, but the company has branches and offices in all major cities around the world. The company’s sole purpose is to provide reliable, efficient and cost effective postal services to both domestic and international clients. Domestically, USPS picks and delivers mails and parcels for as low as $0.49. Shipping duration lasts approximately 2-3 days. Internationally, charges cost as low as $6.50, depending on location of shipping address and urgency. Currently, the postal service company delivers packages to 180 countries around the world. Additionally, USPS provides insurance for parcels in domestic and international markets. In order to ensure efficient service delivery and financia l success, USPS employs the use of relevant hard and soft technologies in operation. Succeeding sections of this paper involves examination of technologies used, plus corresponding technological barriers experienced by USPS. Vehicles features as one example of hard technologies used by USPS in both domestic and global markets today. In the past, USPS predecessor used cruise missiles to deliver letters and other packages to different destinations. However, USPS failed to adopt the idea of missile use; rather, the company adopted the use of conventional automobiles.

Outline and evaluate behavioural therapies to treat mental disorders Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate behavioural therapies to treat mental disorders Essay Because of the nature of the behavioural model which measure specific behaviours in precise terms such as how many times a negative behaviour is performed, improvements can be accurately measured. Which in turn means therapies effectiveness can also be measured. The classical conditioning therapies have been proved to be effective by Wolpe who found an 80-90% success rate with these therapies. Barlow and Lehmen also found a success rate of 77% following treatment. However medication can interfere with systematic desensitization because medication suppresses anxiety. Operant conditioning is also based on scientific principals proven to be effective by Azrin who examined female patients in a mental hospital who were incapable of doing everyday tasks. Using token economies, positive behaviour in these women increased. However studies looking at children and students by Lepper and Deci also found that rewarding intrinsic interests actually reduces behaviour. A strength of the classical conditioning therapies is that the patients have a high level of control. In token economies however patients have very little control over their therapies. This raises ethical issues as informed consent is not achieved for token economies, instead they are enforced with or without the patients consent. Token economies are also open to abuse and can be deemed as a form of social control. Classical conditioning therapies also raise ethical issues in terms of putting their patients at risk of emotional harm. Other problems with classical conditioning therapies include the fact that some patients may not have a vivid enough imagination for flooding, and social desensitization may be difficult to arrange and control, whereas token economies are practical as they can be done anywhere. A problem with token economies though, is that changes are due to external rewards and not an innate desire to change and so if the rewards are removed the positive behaviour may cease. Finally debate will also continue whether the treatments provided by the behavioural model only treat the symptoms and not the causes, and if only the symptoms are treated, does it matter?

Emergent Systems †Religion Versus Science :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Emergent Systems – Religion Versus Science Religion is an institution that invokes unobservable and improbable entities to explain the natural world. It provides a default explanation for anything not currently understood. Over the last few thousand years, the number of unknowns has exponentially decreased along with religion's monopoly on why and how. Now, religion is almost never invoked to interpret reality. When someone has a seizure, a hole isn't drilled in his head. When our children ask where AIDS or lightning comes from, we no longer answer "God." We now have a wonderful array of social and natural sciences at our disposal. Sociology tells us why people behave seemingly oddly in groups. Psychology explains that people aren't strictly good or evil. Biochemistry shows us how the neurons in our brain work and even gives recipes for chemicals that make us happier and less anxious. Physics tells us how these molecules are bound together and how they can be split apart. Each of the sciences is pretty confined to its scope. The pure sciences explain the simple in slightly simpler terms. The social sciences explain the complex in slightly less complex terms. However, they do string end-to-end very nicely, one picking up where the previous left off. There does seem to be a large gap that is covered by no field at this time. That gap is between neurobiology and psychology. The first explains how each individual neuron operates. The second, what they do when about 15 billion of them get together. What happens in between that creates consciousness and apparent self-awareness? To many, it's obvious that this gap will be filled by another scientific field. However, to most of the world, this is the final unknown. Like the unknowns before it, it's filled by religion. Nearly all current religious beliefs are concentrated around this remaining scientific gap. What are the most prevalent remaining religious beliefs? People no longer believe the earth is the center of the universe or disease is punishment from God. These contradict existing hard sciences. The remaining beliefs are those that fill in for this missing scientific field. The soul and the afterlife. How are the soul and afterlife related to this missing field? The soul is a catch-all concept that substitutes for our lack of understanding of consciousness. Afterlife is recognition that because the mind (soul) is not understood, it is to be treated as a black box. The afterlife concept is a hopeful presupposition that because we do not know what goes on inside the black box, it may possess an ability to transcend its apparent cease of functioning. Emergent Systems – Religion Versus Science :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers Emergent Systems – Religion Versus Science Religion is an institution that invokes unobservable and improbable entities to explain the natural world. It provides a default explanation for anything not currently understood. Over the last few thousand years, the number of unknowns has exponentially decreased along with religion's monopoly on why and how. Now, religion is almost never invoked to interpret reality. When someone has a seizure, a hole isn't drilled in his head. When our children ask where AIDS or lightning comes from, we no longer answer "God." We now have a wonderful array of social and natural sciences at our disposal. Sociology tells us why people behave seemingly oddly in groups. Psychology explains that people aren't strictly good or evil. Biochemistry shows us how the neurons in our brain work and even gives recipes for chemicals that make us happier and less anxious. Physics tells us how these molecules are bound together and how they can be split apart. Each of the sciences is pretty confined to its scope. The pure sciences explain the simple in slightly simpler terms. The social sciences explain the complex in slightly less complex terms. However, they do string end-to-end very nicely, one picking up where the previous left off. There does seem to be a large gap that is covered by no field at this time. That gap is between neurobiology and psychology. The first explains how each individual neuron operates. The second, what they do when about 15 billion of them get together. What happens in between that creates consciousness and apparent self-awareness? To many, it's obvious that this gap will be filled by another scientific field. However, to most of the world, this is the final unknown. Like the unknowns before it, it's filled by religion. Nearly all current religious beliefs are concentrated around this remaining scientific gap. What are the most prevalent remaining religious beliefs? People no longer believe the earth is the center of the universe or disease is punishment from God. These contradict existing hard sciences. The remaining beliefs are those that fill in for this missing scientific field. The soul and the afterlife. How are the soul and afterlife related to this missing field? The soul is a catch-all concept that substitutes for our lack of understanding of consciousness. Afterlife is recognition that because the mind (soul) is not understood, it is to be treated as a black box. The afterlife concept is a hopeful presupposition that because we do not know what goes on inside the black box, it may possess an ability to transcend its apparent cease of functioning.

Fictional novel Essay

Oroonoko became more widely read following Aphra Behn’s death. After that, the accuracy of the claims made by the narrator began to come under questioning. However, since Aphra Behn herself could no longer confirm the factuality of the accounts, it was taken to be that the narrator was Behn herself. Scholars have argued for years now regarding the factuality or fabrication of Behn’s work. â€Å"While I believe the search for truth within Behn’s work is still a meaningful one, there is a need to revisit the motives and aims of that search, to contextualize Behn’s exploration of truth with respect to the period’s changing notions of truth’s relation to and representation of fact and fiction† (Dickson). Historically, the duplicity Oroonoko suffers at the hands of the white men is quite accurate keeping in mind the fact that many people, including princes were subjected to such a fate. Further, the time during which it was written was one of immense political unease in England. This too is reflected in the novel. The central theme and the practices mentioned within the story might be considered, if not wholly, then to a certain degree, factual. From a literary standpoint, it can be seen that Behn has incorporated certain fictional elements into the work, along with a lot of emotion and sentiment, including love and sacrifice. It is this overlapping of facts and fantasies and history and literature that endows the novel with an influence to challenge the boundaries between these aspects. It is difficult to ascertain the exact genre under which the novel might be placed. It is not completely biographical, nor fictional. It cannot simply be identified as a love story or a tragedy. Neither is it a historical account of events. It is a complex story that falls under each of these categories. But the fact that it is not based on a particular person, known to have existed for certain, perhaps constitutes it as a fictional novel. Works Cited Dickson, Vernon. â€Å"Truth, wonder and exemplarity in Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko. † (2007) Smith, Nicole. â€Å"Narrative Strategy and the Construction of Otherness in Oroonoko. † (2010) < http://www. articlemyriad. com/186. htm>

Police Operations Essay

There are different levels of law enforcement which include local, state and federal levels. We are told by The National District Attorneys Association that (NDAA, p. 1) â€Å"As federal authorities are obliged to investigate all incidents that may be federal civil rights crimes, and local and state authorities have independent jurisdiction over such cases under their own criminal statutes, this MOU also should improve the reporting of all such violations to local, state and federal authorities. We are also educated from the same source that this will â€Å"increase public confidence in this critical law enforcement areas. † This demonstrates that all levels of law enforcement can work more effectively together in their efforts at maintaining peace but many times these different levels work alone when the situation falls under one category that is controlled by a specific are of law enforcement. The local law enforcement agency is a level which involves city and county sheriff departments which include domestic violence situations, traffic stops and basically all citizen laws within city or county limits. State law enforcement agencies is a level of law enforcement where state troopers usually enforce interstate commerce traffic and they also have a division within the state detective agencies that investigate crimes as well as respond to local and county calls when local law enforcement agencies are backed up and aren’t able to take care of the calls received. Federal law enforcement agencies handle a wide variety of felony crimes which usually take over the local and state jurisdiction boundaries when federal crimes are committed. They also investigate counterfeit currency and bank robberies. Any time there is a kidnapping crime to be handled, the federal law enforcement level will investigate where local and state agencies have fulfilled their duties. All levels of law enforcement will generally work together for one cause in solving cases where the law has been broken. Each level of law enforcement is extremely important where the local level handles lesser crimes and federal handle major offenses where federal offenses such as bank robberies, illegal felony possession of firearms, distribution of drugs over state lines and cases where federal laws are offended. August Vollmer was a pioneer in law enforcement who contributed to the development of criminal investigative techniques. We are told by Jim Fisher (Fisher, p. 1) that â€Å"In 1905, the citizens of Berkeley, California, banded together to rid themselves of the prostitutes, gambling houses, and opium dens operating openly in their town. The man they elected to do the job was a 29-year-old uneducated mail carrier who promised to clean things up. † Vollmer dedicated much of his time to making changes in law enforcement by changing the way officers were trained, thought and acted as law enforcement officials. He was well-known for using good judgment skills and his own common sense. Another pioneer in law enforcement was Officer James Foreman. We are told that (Lieberman, 2002) Foreman was our first African-American police officer. â€Å"Senator Joe Lieberman today paid tribute to Stamford, Connecticut’s first African-American police officer, James Foreman. † He is one of the many who were pioneers in law enforcement who made a huge difference is our country through their dedication.

L essays

L essays De plus en plus, le nombre de Qubecois qui voulaient de l'autonomie pour le Qubec agrandissait. Daniel Johnson, le chef de l'Union nationale, a couru et gagn contre Lesage avec le slogan, >. Aprs son lection en 1966, Johnson a donn le nom d'Assemble nationale du Qubec la lgislature qubcoise. A ce temps, il y avait deja deux petits partis indpendantistes qui voulaient que le Qubec soit son propre pays: Le Ralliement National et le Ralliement pour l'Indpendance Nationale. Il y avait aussi quelques groupes radicaux comme le FLQ, qui croyait qu'il fallait utiliser la violence pour atteindre l'indpendance. Aprs le mort soudain du premier ministre Johnson, l'Union nationale a perdu leur influence et le gouvernement librale est arriv au pouvoir en 1970, men par Robert Bourassa. Lui, il croyait que le Qubec pouvait rester dans le Canada, mais il y avait encore de la vigueur dans le mouvement indpendantiste, et l'opposition officielle l'Assemble nationale est devenu le Parti qubcois de Ren Lvesque, qui avait mit son focus sur l'indpendance du Qubec. Ren Lvesque tait connu et respect au Qubec. En 1960, il tait le ministre dans le cabinet Lesage. Puis, en 1967, Lvasque est parti du Parti libral pour runir les petits partis indpendantistes en un parti unique et structur, appell le Parti qubcois. Le Parti qubcois avait pris racine au Qubec et le nombre de ses membres augmentait. La question de l'indpendance divisait les Qubecois, tandis que les actions du FLQ ajoutaient l'embarras. Le FLQ avait ...

The Social Transformation of American Medicine

The Social Transformation of American Medicine Starr divides the history of medicine into two books in order to emphasize two separate movements in the development of American medicine. The first movement was the rise of professional sovereignty and the second was the transformation of medicine into an industry, with corporations taking a large role. A Sovereign Profession In the first book, Starr begins with a look at the shift from domestic medicine in early America when the family wants the locus of care of the sick to the shift towards the professionalization of medicine in the late 1700s. Not all were accepting, however, as lay healers in the early 1800s saw the medical profession as nothing but privilege and took a hostile stance to it. But then medical schools began to emerge and proliferate during the mid-1800s and medicine was quickly becoming a profession with licensures, codes of conduct, and professional fees. The rise of hospitals and the introduction of telephones and better modes of transportation made physicians accessible and acceptable. In this book, Starr also discusses the consolidation of professional authority and the changing social structure of physicians in the nineteenth century. For instance, before the 1900s, the role of the doctor did not have a clear class position, as there was a lot of inequality. Doctors did not earn much and a physician’s status depended largely on their family’s status. In 1864, however, the first meeting of the American Medical Association was held in which they raised and standardized requirements for medical degrees as well as enacted a code of ethics, giving the medical profession a higher social status. Reform of medical education began around 1870 and continued through the 1800s. Starr also examines the transformation of American hospitals throughout history and how they have become central institutions in medical care. This happened in a series of three phases. First was the formation of voluntary hospitals that were operated by charitable lay boards and public hospitals that were operated by municipalities, counties, and the federal government. Then, beginning in the 1850s, a variety of more â€Å"particularistic† hospitals formed that were primarily religious or ethnic institutions that specialized in certain diseases or categories of patients. Third was the advent and spread of profit-making hospitals, which are operated by physicians and corporations. As the hospital system has evolved and changed, so has the role of the nurse, physician, surgeon, staff, and patient, which Starr also examines. In the final chapters of book one, Starr examines dispensaries and their evolvement over time, the three phases of public health and the rise of new specialty clinics, and the resistance to the corporatization of medicine by doctors. He concludes with a discussion of the five major structural changes in the distribution of power that played a major role in the social transformation of American medicine:1. The emergence of an informal control system in medical practice resulting from the growth of specialization and hospitals.2. Stronger collective organization and authority/the control of labor markets in medical care.3. The profession secured a special dispensation from the burdens of hierarchy of the capitalist enterprise. No â€Å"commercialism† in medicine was tolerated and much of the capital investment required for medical practice was socialized.4. The elimination of countervailing power in medical care.5. The establishment of specific spheres of professional authority. The Struggle for Medical Care The second half of The Social Transformation of American Medicine focuses on the transformation of medicine into an industry and the growing role of corporations and the state in the medical system. Starr begins with a discussion on how social insurance came about, how it evolved into a political issue, and why America lagged behind other countries with regards to health insurance. He then examines how the New Deal and the Depression affected and shaped insurance at the time. The birth of Blue Cross in 1929 and Blue Shield several years later really paved the way for health insurance in America because it reorganized medical care on a prepaid, comprehensive basis. This was the first time that â€Å"group hospitalization† was introduced and provided a practical solution for those who could not afford typical private insurance of the time. Shortly after, health insurance emerged as a benefit received via employment, which reduced the likelihood that only the sick would buy insurance and it reduced the large administrative costs of individually sold policies. Commercial insurance expanded and the character of the industry changed, which Starr discusses. He also examines the key events that formed and shaped the insurance industry, including World War II, politics, and social and political movements (such as the women’s rights movement). Starr’s discussion of the evolution and transformation of the American medical and insurance system ends in the late 1970s. A lot has changed since then, but for a very thorough and well-written look at how medicine has changed throughout history in the United States up until 1980, The Social Transformation of American Medicine is the book to read. This book is the winner of the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, which in my opinion is well deserved. References Starr, P. (1982). The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York, NY: Basic Books.

International Relations (The Role and functions of the IMF and the Essay

International Relations (The Role and functions of the IMF and the World Bank in the International Economic System) - Essay Example tical science, is the study of foreign affairs of and relations among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate foreign policy.† It also referred to IR as drawing upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and cultural studies and that it involves a diverse range of issues, from globalization and its impacts on societies and state sovereignty to ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, terrorism, organized crime, human security and human rights. (Paraphrasing made) As to how international relations originated, one cannot avoid talking about the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It is with Westphalia that e the modern state system was developed since it encouraged the rise of the nation-state and the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. (Wikipedia-IR, 2006) (Paraphrasing made) Having a background therefore of IR, we are confronted with the questions: What are the institutions involved? The United Nations assumes a major role in IR as it describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity". Wikipedia, (2006) stated that it is the most prominent international institution and many of the legal institutions follow the same organizational structure as the UN. (Paraphrasing made) UN has therefore affiliations with several legal institutions which include International Court of Justice, European Court of Justice and the African Court of Justice. It has also affiliations with human rights organisations which include, United Nations Human Rights Council,